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PBSI 306 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Biological Approach:

A

disorder is the result of abnormal genes present or a neurobiological dysfunction is occuring

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2
Q

Psychological Approach:

A

disorder is the result of cognitions(thinking processes), personality styles, emotions, and learning/conditioning

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3
Q

Sociocultural Approach:

A

disorder is the result of environmental conditions and cultural norms

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4
Q

Theory:

A
  • Describes causes or contributing factors to mental disorders
  • Set of ideas that provides a framework for asking questions about a phenomenon and gathering + interpreting data about it
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5
Q

Therapy:

A

treatment that targets the causes of psychological disorders based on a specific theory

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6
Q

Biopsychosocial approach:

A

disorder is the result of an interaction between the biological, psychological, and social factors

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7
Q

Risk factor:

A
  • something that increases the risk of getting a specific disorder
  • Ex: genetic predisposition, difficulty remaining calm, childhood issues
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8
Q

Transdiagnostic risk factors:

A

increase the risk of multiple types of disorders

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9
Q

Diathesis-stress model:

A

Idea that when risk factor and a trigger come together it allows for the disorder to emerge

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10
Q

Parts of the Forebrain and their functions

A
  • Thalamus: directs incoming information from sensory receptors to cerebrum; Relay center for cortex; handles incoming + outgoing signals
  • Hypothalamus: regulates eating, drinking, sex, temperature, and processes emotions
  • Pituitary Gland: master gland that regulates endocrine glands
  • Lymbic system:
  • Amygdala: critical in emotions such as fear
  • Hippocampus: plays a role in memory
  • Cerebrum: involved in many of our most advanced thinking processes
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11
Q

Parts of the Midbrain

A

Superior colliculus
Inferior Colliculus
Substantia nigra

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12
Q

Part of the Hindbrain and their functions

A
  • Medulla: regulates unconscious functions like breathing and circulation
  • Pons: involved in sleep and arousal
    Reticular formation: network of neurons related to sleep, arousal, and attention
  • Cerebellum: involved in balance and the control of movement
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13
Q

Neurotransmitters:

A

biochemicals that carry impulses between neurons

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14
Q

Serotonin:

A

depression, anxiety, aggression

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15
Q

Dopamine:

A

affected by substances (alcohol) and behaviors (sex) that are pleasurable; also important in controlling and function of muscles (ex: parkinsons = not enough dopamine)

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16
Q

Norepinephrine:

A

cocaine and amphetamines stop the reuptake; depression if not enough

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17
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA):

A

anxiety; inhibits the action of other neurotransmitters

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18
Q

Synapse:

A

gap between presynaptic terminal of one neuron and postsynaptic of another

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19
Q

Receptors:

A

molecules on the membrane of adjacent neurons that receive the neurotransmitter

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20
Q

Reuptake:

A

presynaptic neuron reabsorbs excess neurotransmitter from synapse

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21
Q

Degradation:

A

postsynaptic (sometimes presynaptic) neuron releases an enzyme into the synapse that breaks down excess neurotransmitter

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22
Q

Endocrine system:

A

system of glands that produces hormones

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23
Q

Hormone:

A

carries messages through the body

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24
Q

Pituitary gland:

A

master gland (because it produces largest number of different hormones) that regulates other endocrine glands; helps regulate stress response

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25
Q

Behavioral genetics:

A

the study of genetics of personality and abnormality; concerned with the extent to which behaviors or tendencies are inherited

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26
Q

How genes and environment interact

A
  • Genes influence the enviornment that we choose
  • Enviornment acts as a catalyst for a genetic tendency
  • Enviornmental conditions affect the expression of genes
  • Epigenetics: study of the changes in expression of genes (through environment genes can be turned on and off)
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27
Q

Antipsychotic drugs:

A

reduce psychotic symptoms (loss of reality, false perceptions, hallucinations, delusions); phenothiazines

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28
Q

Antidepressant drugs:

A

reduce depressive symptoms (sadness, loss of apetite, sleep disturbances) SSRI’s or SNRI’s

29
Q

Lithium:

A

mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder; reduces symptoms of mani (agitation, excitement grandiosity)

30
Q

Antianxiety drugs:

A

reduce anxiety symptoms (fearfullness, worry, tension); benzodiazepines

31
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy:

A

electrical current induces seizure in brain; general anesthesia and muscle relaxers are usually administered for patient comfort

32
Q

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation:

A

repeated high intensity magnetic pulses focused on particular brain structures

33
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation:

A

electrodes surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain

34
Q

Vagus Nerve Stimulation:

A

electrodes surgically implanted at the vagus nerve
- Great for treatment resistant depression, but not many insurance cover

35
Q

Advantages/disadvantages of biological therapies

A
  • Advantages: effective, appealing because it seems erase the blame from sufferer of disorder
  • Disadvantages: side effects, dont work for everyone, people could rely on drugs instead of dealing with things, ignores enviornmental and psychological processes, people tend to be more pessimistic when its a biological problem
36
Q

Classical conditioning:

A

explains seemingly irrational responses to a neutral stimuli; pairs a neutral stimulus that doesnt usually create a response with a stimulus that does and eventually the neutral stimulus elicits a response

37
Q

Operant Conditioning:

A

shapes new behaviors through rewards and punishments; conditioned avoidance response

38
Q

Modeling:

A

new behaviors learned by imitating others

39
Q

Observational learning:

A

person learns by observing the rewards and punishments that another person receives

40
Q

Systematic Desensitization Therapy

A

gradually extinguishing anxiety responses to stimuli and the maladaptive behavior that often accompanies this anxiety

41
Q

Advantages/disadvantages of behavioral approaches

A

Advantages:
- effectiveness is supported in research
Disadvantages:
- Cannot address all disorders
- Evidence comes from lab studies
- Doesnt recognize free will

42
Q

Cognitive theories:

A

cognitions shape behavior and emotions (not just rewards and punishments)

43
Q

Casual Attributions:

A

thoughts about why an event happens to us; the attributions that we give events influences behavior because it impacts meaning we give to events and our expectations for the future

44
Q

Global Assumptions:

A
  • broad beliefs about ourselves, our relationships, and the world
  • Can be positive or negative (ex: im a terrible person that doesnt deserve a job)
  • Usually unrealistic; ex: “i must have perfect self control”
45
Q

Steps in cognitive therapy

A
  1. Identify and challenge dysfunctional thoughts and belief systems
  2. Replace irrational cognitions with realistic ones
  3. Teach effective problem-solving strategies
  4. Short term (between 12-20 weeks)
46
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy:

A

cognitive techniques combined with behavioral techniques; problem-oriented
- Identify and replace dysfunctional thoughts and add behavioral skills they can do in those situations

47
Q

Advantages/disadvantages of cognitive approaches

A
  • Advantages: useful for sexual disorders, social anxiety, depression, eating disorders, and substance abuse
  • Disadvantages: difficult to prove role of cognitions (because what if they stem from a disorder); ex: do negative thoughts cause depression or does depression cause negative thoughts
48
Q

Freud:

A

thought therapist had to “figure out” what patients problem was

49
Q

Catharsis:

A

release of emotions; idea was holding emotions are causing the problem

50
Q

Repression:

A

ego pushes anxiety-provoking material back into the unconscious (aka motivated forgetting); deffense mechanism Freud thought was the most effective

51
Q

Free Association:

A

client talks about whatever comes to mind and therapist notices themes and how one thought leads to the next

52
Q

Resistance:

A

blocking emotionally heavy information, the more resistance one has towards something the more threatening that thought is for the person

53
Q

Transference:

A

client redirects feelings for someone else to the therapist

54
Q

Working through:

A

repeatedly going over painful memories

55
Q

Interpersonal therapy:

A
  • Shifted focus from unconscious conflicts to clients’ relationships with others
  • Short term therapy
  • Much more structured and directive
56
Q

Advantages/disadvantages of psychodynamic approaches

A

Advantages:
- Have played a big role in shaping psychology and psychiatry over the last century
Disadvantages:
- Lack of scientific data because its hard to prove
- Unaffordable because of the fact that its like 10 years long and insurance likely wont pay

57
Q

Humanistic theories:

A

think all people have the innate capacity for goodness and living a full life

58
Q

Carl Rogers:

A
  • Believed people could move towards personal growth, self-acceptance, and self-actualization (fulfillment of their love, creativity, and meaning)
  • Developed a form of treatment using this
59
Q

Client Centered Therapy:

A

Unconditional positive regard; accepting who a person IS but not their behaviors
Communicate with empathic understanding and authenticity

60
Q

Reflection:

A

therapist attempts to understand what client is experiencing and communicating (reflective listening) and checks with client about accuracy of understanding

61
Q

Advantages/disadvantages of humanistic approaches

A

Advantages:
- Refreshing change because its positive
Disadvantages:
- Vague and not subject to scientific testing
- Best for moderate distress; cant be used on schizophrenia or other severe mental illnesses

62
Q

Family systems theory:

A

individuals disorder indicates a dysfunctional family system because it sees the family as a complex interpersonal system with its own hierarchy and rules that govern members behavior

63
Q

Family systems therapy:

A
  • treats the family system to resolve an individuals symptoms
  • Behavioral family systems therapy: targets family communication and problem solving
64
Q

Family systems approaches advantages/disadvantages

A

Advantages: good for children
Disadvantages: needs more research and hard to observe

65
Q

Third wave:

A
  • focuses on people ability to understand and regulate their emotions
  • Because emotional regulation is a trasdiagnostic risk factor
66
Q

Dialectical behavior therapy:

A
  • helps manage negative emotions and control impulsive behaviors
  • very intense
  • Used for mood disorders, eating disorders, suicidal behaviors
67
Q

Acceptance and commitment therapy

A
  • face distressing situations and emotions rather than avoiding them
  • Use mindfulness and acceptance with behavioral principles and an understanding or personal values
68
Q

Sociocultural risk factors

A
  • Socioeconomic disadvantage
  • Upheaval + disintegration of societies
  • Social norms and policies
  • Societal rules

PBSI 306 (14 decks)

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