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PBSI 306 > ch 8 review > Flashcards

ch 8 review Flashcards

1
Q

what are the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Positive:
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganized thought and speech
- disorganized behavior
Negative:
- restricted affect
- anhedonia
- avolition

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2
Q

Definition of delusions

A
  • false, unshakeable beliefs held despite contradictory evidence
  • Contrary to reality and highly unlikely
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3
Q

4 Types of delusions and definitions

A
  1. persecutory delusions: being persecuted, watched, or tormented by others
  2. Grandiose delusions: One has a special identity or possesses special powers
  3. Delusion of reference: Random events are directed at them
  4. Delusions of thought insertion: One’s thoughts are being controlled by outside forces
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4
Q

Definition of hallucinations

A
  • Perceptual experiences that occur without a stimulus
  • Can affect any of the five senses
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5
Q

4 Types of hallucinations and definitions

A
  • Frequent, persistent, and complex
    2. Auditory: hearing things; Most common
    3. Visual: Usually with auditory hallucinations
    4. Tactile: Something is happening to the outside of the body
    5. Somatic: Something is happening to the inside of the body
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6
Q

Disorder with Disorganized Thought and Speech:

A

Formal thought disorder: Slip from one topic to an unrelated topic with little coherent transition

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7
Q

Definition of Disorganized behavior and an example

A
  • unpredictable and untriggered agitation
  • Catatonia: decreased or excessive and peculiar motor activity
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8
Q

What are the three kinds of Negative symptoms of schizophrenia and their definitions?

A
  • Restricted affect: Severe reduction in or absence of emotional expression
  • Anhedonia: loss of the ability to experience pleasure
  • Avolition: Inability to initiate or persist at goal-directed activities
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9
Q

what is the definition of Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and what does this mean?

A

o Deficits in attention, memory and processing speed
o Early marker for schizophrenia

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10
Q

Criteria for diagnosis of schizophrenia:

A
  • the DSM states:
    • at least two symptoms of psychosis
    • present for at least 1 month
    • some symptoms for at least 6 months that impair functioning
    • Prodromal symptoms: Before the acute phase
    • Residual symptoms: After the acute phase
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11
Q

Prognosis for schizophrenia:

A
  • 3 years after 1st episode:
    • 40% employed or in school
    • 37% recovered a good level of functioning
  • Negative symptoms
    • Linked to poor functioning
    • Less responsive to medication
  • Rehospitalization rates: 50-80%
  • Life expectancy 10 years shorter
  • More infectious and circulatory diseases
  • 5-10% commit suicide
  • Stabilize after the first episode within 5 to 10 years
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12
Q

Schizoaffective disorder symptoms:

A

Mix of schizophrenia and a mood disorder

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13
Q

Schizophreniform disorder: criteria and symptoms

A
  • Criteria of A, D, and E for schizophrenia
    • at least 2 symptoms present
    • schizoaffective, depressive, and bipolar disorder ruled out
    • not due to substance abuse
  • symptoms last only 1-6 months
  • 2/3 will develop schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder
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14
Q

Brief psychotic disorder: criteria and symptoms

A
  • Sudden onset of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or disorganized behavior
  • between 1 day and 1 month
  • Emerge after a stressor
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15
Q

Delusional disorder: criteria and symptoms

A
  • Delusions for at least 1 month, regarding situations that occur in real life
  • No other psychotic symptoms
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16
Q

Genetic theories of schizophrenia:

A
  • Genes: strongest risk factor
  • Family studies: Genetic similarity increases risk
  • Twin studies
    • Higher concordance rate in MZ (46%) twins than DZ twins (14%)
    • Genainquadruplets
  • Adoption studies
    • Parent with schizophrenia creates a stressful environment
  • Genetic predisposition interacts with biological and environmental factors
17
Q

Biological brain theories of schizophrenia:

A
  • Reduced gray matter in cortex: Medial, temporal, superior temporal, and prefrontal areas
  • Low prefrontal cortex activity: Deficits in cognition, emotion, and social interactions
  • Hippocampus: Abnormal activity and Abnormal volume and shape
  • Reductions and abnormality in white matter
  • Enlarged ventricles: Reduction in brain volume
18
Q

Biological theories of schizophrenia; birth

A

Birth complications
- Perinatal hypoxia (oxygen deprivation)
- Interacts with genetic vulnerability
Prenatal Illness Exposure
- Maternal viral infection increases risk
- Second trimester

19
Q

Biological theories of schizophrenia: neurotransmitters

A

Excess levels of dopamine?
- Neuroleptics block action of dopamine
- Drugs that increase dopamine increase positive symptoms
- Neuroimaging studies
- More dopamine receptors and higher levels of dopamine
Excess dopamine in Mesolimbic pathway
- Processing of salience and reward
- Positive symptoms
Low dopamine activity in prefrontal brain area
- Negative symptoms
Serotonin neurons regulate dopamine neurons in the mesolimbic system

20
Q

Psychosocial theories of schizophrenia:

A

Social drift
- Tendency to drift downward in social class
Birth in a large city (due to stress)
What predicts relapse?
- Stress
- Families
- Expressed emotion: Shown by family members are associated with multiple episodes and relapse

21
Q

Cognitive perspectives of schizophrenia

A

Use biases to understand overwhelming sensory information
- Delusions
- trying to explain strange perceptual experiences
- Hallucinations
- Hypersensitivity to perceptual input
- attribute experiences to external sources
- Negative symptoms
- Expect social interactions to be aversive and so conserve scarce cognitive resources

22
Q

what are two kinds of biological treatments for schizophrenia?

A
  • typical antipsychotics
  • atypical antipsychotics
23
Q

Typical antipsychotics and side effects

A
  • Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
  • Bind to D2 dopamine receptors
  • Work best for positive symptoms
  • Not effective for 25% of patients
    Side effects
  • drowsiness, dry mouth, weight gain
  • Tardive dyskinesia
    • Neurological disorder involving involuntary movements of the mouth and face
24
Q

Atypical antipsychotics and side effects

A
  • Bind to the D4 dopamine receptor
  • Influence other neurotransmitters like serotonin
  • Clozapine (Clozaril)
    Side effects
  • Dizziness, nausea, sedation
  • Agranulocytosis: life threatening drop in white blood cells
24
Q

Psychological treatments for schizophrenia:

A

Comprehensive approach
- Behavioral: Social learning theory and operant conditioning
- Cognitive: Recognize and change demoralizing attitudes
- Social: Support groups; Problem-solving skills for common social situations
Family Therapy:
- Basic education of the illness
- Communication skills training of family members
- Effective when combined with drug therapy

PBSI 306 (14 decks)

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