ch 9 review Flashcards
Definition of personality:
Enduring pattern of behavior, thought, and feeling that is stable across time and situations
Definition of personality traits:
Prominent aspect of personality; Consistent across time and situations
DSM-5 criteria for personality disorder
Personality must:
- deviate markedly from cultural expectations
- be pervasive and inflexible across situations
- be stable over time
- onset in adolescence or early adulthood
- cause distress or functional impairment
3 clusters of personality disorders and describe
- Cluster A: Odd-Eccentric personality disorders
- Cluster B: Dramatic-emotional personality disorders
- Cluster C: Anxious-fearful personality disorders
Describe Cluster A personality disorders and list them:
- Odd-Eccentric personality disorders
- Behavior similar to schizophrenia, but not out of touch with reality
- 3 Disorders:
- Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Schizoid Personality Disorder
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Describe Cluster B personality disorders and list them:
- Dramatic-emotional personality disorders
- Dramatic, emotional, erratic, and impulsive behaviors
- 4 Disorders:
- Histrionic personality disorder
- Narcissistic personality disorder
- Borderline personality disorder
- Antisocial personality disorder
Describe Cluster C personality disorders and list them:
- Anxious-fearful personality disorders
- Chronic sense of anxiety or fearfulness
- 3 Disorders
- Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Dependent Personality Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Paranoid personality disorder: symptoms, prognosis, prevalence, comorbid disorders
- Excessively mistrustful and suspicious of others
- Impairment in vocational and social functioning
- Comorbid with other disorders
- Prevalence: 1.21% to 4.4%
- Poor prognosis
Theories of paranoid personality disorder: cognitive factors
- Believe that others are malevolent and deceptive
- Lack of self-confidence
Treatment of paranoid personality disorder: cognitive therapy
- Seek treatment only when in crisis
- Establish trusting therapeutic relationship
- Cognitive therapy may be helpful
- Increase self-efficacy
Schizoid personality disorder: symptoms, prognosis, comorbid disorders
- Symptoms
- Detachment from social relationships
- Indifference toward relationships
- Limited range of emotional expression
- Alexithymia
- High depression
- Prevalence: 0.8 –2.8%
Treatment goals for schizoid personality disorder
- Increasing awareness of feeling
- Social skills training
- Group therapy
Schizotypal personality disorder: symptoms, prognosis, comorbid disorders
- Lifelong patterns of “odd” or “bizarre” behaviors and/or appearance
- 4 characteristics
- Restricted range of emotion
- Uncomfortable interpersonal interactions
- Odd/eccentric behavior
- Paranoia
- Prevalence: 4.6%
- More common in men
Theories of schizotypal personality disorder:
- Genetic transmission: runs in families
- Gene that regulates the NMDA receptor system
- Cognitive deficits similar to schizophrenia
- Dysregulation of dopamine
- History of stressors or trauma
Treatment of schizotypal personality disorder:
Drug therapy
- Neuroleptics, antipsychotics, and antidepressants
Psychological therapy
- Build trusting therapeutic relationship
- Social skills training
- Cognitive therapy
- Evidence for and against bizarre thoughts
Borderline personality disorder: symptoms
- Affective instability
- Highly unstable self-image
- Hypersensitivity to abandonment
- Impulsivity
- Self-mutilation
Borderline personality disorder: prognosis and comorbidities
- 70-75% report self-harm
- High suicide rates
- Prevalence: 1.7%
- Higher in women
- Comorbid with mood disorders, eating disorders, substance use
Theories of borderline personality disorder:
- Emotion regulation deficits
- Cognitive processing:
- hyperattentive to negative emotional stimuli
- interpret situations negatively
- Childhood abuse, neglect, and criticism
- Biological:
- Reduced hippocampal and amygdala volume
- Abnormalities in prefrontal cortex
- Genetic transmission: runs in families
Treatment of borderline personality disorder:
Dialectical behavior therapy
- Gain more realistic and positive sense of self
- Learn problem-solving skills and emotion-regulation
- Correct dichotomous thinking
- Advantage: Effective!
- Disadvantage: complex and lasts several years
Cognitive therapy treatments
- Systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving (STEPPS)
- Group intervention
- CBT
- Improves negative affect, impulsivity, and functioning
Psychodynamic treatment
- Mentalization
- Provides validation and support
- Develop emotional awareness and understanding
- Preliminary research supports effectiveness
Histrionic personality disorder: symptoms, prognosis, comorbid disorders
- Excessive attention-seeking, emotionality, self-centered, and overly dramatic
- Stormy interpersonal relationships
- Seductive
- Prevalence: 1-3%
- More prevalent in women
- Comorbid with depression, substance use, somatization, panic attacks
Treatment of histrionic personality disorder:
- Very little empirical research
- Psychodynamic therapy: Uncovering repressed emotions and needs
- Cognitive therapy: Challenge need for attention to validate self-worth
Narcissistic personality disorder: symptoms, prognosis, comorbid disorders
- Grandiosity: Exaggerated sense of self importance
- Preoccupation with being admired
- Lack of empathy for others
- Ignore or devalue others’ needs/wants
- Prevalence: 7.1%M, 4.8%W
Cognitive theories of narcissistic personality disorder
- Unrealistic positive assumptions about self
- Defense against rejection or unmet emotional needs
Two subtypes of narcissism and definitions
- Grandiose: social dominance, superiority, entitlement
- Vulnerable: self-absorbed, constant need for reassurance, hypersensitivity to rejection or criticism
Treatment of narcissistic personality disorder: collaborative therapeutic approach
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Avoidant personality disorder: symptoms, comorbid disorders
- Excessive avoidance of interpersonal interactions
- Low self-esteem and prone to shame *Fear rejection and criticism
- 1.5 -2.5% prevalence rate
- Slightly more women
- Comorbid with depression and anxiety
- Social anxiety disorder?
Theories of avoidant personality disorder:
- Twin studies
- Genetic play a role
- Emotional neglect and parental rejection
- Cognitive theory
- Dysfunctional beliefs about worthlessness
- Result of childhood rejection
Treatment of borderline personality disorder:
- CBT
- Exposure to social settings
- Social skills training
- Challenge negative automatic thoughts
Dependent personality disorder: symptoms, comorbid disorders
- Extreme dependency on others
- Panic when alone
- Lack self-confidence, clingy, rely on others to make decisions
- Prevalence: 0.78%
- More women than men
- Comorbid with mood and anxiety disorders.
Theories of dependent personality disorder:
- Modest genetic influence
- Behavioral theory
- Learned behaviors
- Cognitive theory
- Inflexible beliefs about weakness and needing others to survive
Treatment of dependent personality disorder:
- Seek therapy frequently
- Psychodynamic therapy
- gain insight into early negative experiences with caregivers
- Humanistic
- Foster autonomy and self-confidence
- CBT
- Increase assertive behavior
- Decrease anxiety
- Challenge maladaptive beliefs
- exposure therapy
OCPD: symptoms, prognosis, comorbid disorders
- Perfectionism
- Excessive concern with order and control
- Poor interpersonal relationships
- Rigid, stubborn, cold
- Related to OCD?
- Share features, but no obsessions and compulsions
- Prevalence: 2-8%
- No gender differences
- Comorbid with depression, anxiety, and eating disorders
Theories of OCPD:
Cognitive theory
- Strong rigid beliefs
Biological theory
- Genetic factors similar to those in OCD
- History of physical neglect?
- Abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex
Treatment of OCPD:
Supportive therapies:
- Assist in overcoming the crises that require treatment
Behavioral therapies:
- Decrease compulsive behaviors
Alternative model: 5 core personality traits of personality disorders and their definitions
- Negative affectivity: Stress tolerance
- Detachment: Withdrawn, avoidant, untrusting
- Antagonism: Deceitfulness, grandiosity, callousness
- Disinhibition: Impulsive, risk-taking, and irresponsible
- Psychoticism: Highly unusual beliefs and eccentric behaviors
Steps in diagnosing personality disorder
- Determining an individual’s level of functioning
- Determining whether an individual has any pathological personality traits
- Determining whether an individual meet the criteria for personality disorders
