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PBSI 306 > ch 9 review > Flashcards

ch 9 review Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of personality:

A

Enduring pattern of behavior, thought, and feeling that is stable across time and situations

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2
Q

Definition of personality traits:

A

Prominent aspect of personality; Consistent across time and situations

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3
Q

DSM-5 criteria for personality disorder

A

Personality must:
- deviate markedly from cultural expectations
- be pervasive and inflexible across situations
- be stable over time
- onset in adolescence or early adulthood
- cause distress or functional impairment

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4
Q

3 clusters of personality disorders and describe

A
  • Cluster A: Odd-Eccentric personality disorders
  • Cluster B: Dramatic-emotional personality disorders
  • Cluster C: Anxious-fearful personality disorders
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5
Q

Describe Cluster A personality disorders and list them:

A
  • Odd-Eccentric personality disorders
  • Behavior similar to schizophrenia, but not out of touch with reality
  • 3 Disorders:
  • Paranoid Personality Disorder
  • Schizoid Personality Disorder
  • Schizotypal Personality Disorder
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6
Q

Describe Cluster B personality disorders and list them:

A
  • Dramatic-emotional personality disorders
  • Dramatic, emotional, erratic, and impulsive behaviors
  • 4 Disorders:
  • Histrionic personality disorder
  • Narcissistic personality disorder
  • Borderline personality disorder
  • Antisocial personality disorder
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7
Q

Describe Cluster C personality disorders and list them:

A
  • Anxious-fearful personality disorders
  • Chronic sense of anxiety or fearfulness
  • 3 Disorders
    • Avoidant Personality Disorder
    • Dependent Personality Disorder
    • Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
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8
Q

Paranoid personality disorder: symptoms, prognosis, prevalence, comorbid disorders

A
  • Excessively mistrustful and suspicious of others
  • Impairment in vocational and social functioning
  • Comorbid with other disorders
  • Prevalence: 1.21% to 4.4%
  • Poor prognosis
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9
Q

Theories of paranoid personality disorder: cognitive factors

A
  • Believe that others are malevolent and deceptive
  • Lack of self-confidence
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10
Q

Treatment of paranoid personality disorder: cognitive therapy

A
  • Seek treatment only when in crisis
  • Establish trusting therapeutic relationship
  • Cognitive therapy may be helpful
    • Increase self-efficacy
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11
Q

Schizoid personality disorder: symptoms, prognosis, comorbid disorders

A
  • Symptoms
    • Detachment from social relationships
    • Indifference toward relationships
    • Limited range of emotional expression
    • Alexithymia
  • High depression
  • Prevalence: 0.8 –2.8%
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12
Q

Treatment goals for schizoid personality disorder

A
  • Increasing awareness of feeling
  • Social skills training
  • Group therapy
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13
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder: symptoms, prognosis, comorbid disorders

A
  • Lifelong patterns of “odd” or “bizarre” behaviors and/or appearance
  • 4 characteristics
    • Restricted range of emotion
    • Uncomfortable interpersonal interactions
    • Odd/eccentric behavior
    • Paranoia
  • Prevalence: 4.6%
  • More common in men
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14
Q

Theories of schizotypal personality disorder:

A
  • Genetic transmission: runs in families
  • Gene that regulates the NMDA receptor system
  • Cognitive deficits similar to schizophrenia
  • Dysregulation of dopamine
  • History of stressors or trauma
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15
Q

Treatment of schizotypal personality disorder:

A

Drug therapy
- Neuroleptics, antipsychotics, and antidepressants
Psychological therapy
- Build trusting therapeutic relationship
- Social skills training
- Cognitive therapy
- Evidence for and against bizarre thoughts

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16
Q

Borderline personality disorder: symptoms

A
  • Affective instability
  • Highly unstable self-image
  • Hypersensitivity to abandonment
  • Impulsivity
  • Self-mutilation
17
Q

Borderline personality disorder: prognosis and comorbidities

A
  • 70-75% report self-harm
  • High suicide rates
  • Prevalence: 1.7%
  • Higher in women
  • Comorbid with mood disorders, eating disorders, substance use
18
Q

Theories of borderline personality disorder:

A
  • Emotion regulation deficits
  • Cognitive processing:
    • hyperattentive to negative emotional stimuli
    • interpret situations negatively
  • Childhood abuse, neglect, and criticism
  • Biological:
    • Reduced hippocampal and amygdala volume
    • Abnormalities in prefrontal cortex
    • Genetic transmission: runs in families
19
Q

Treatment of borderline personality disorder:

A

Dialectical behavior therapy
- Gain more realistic and positive sense of self
- Learn problem-solving skills and emotion-regulation
- Correct dichotomous thinking
- Advantage: Effective!
- Disadvantage: complex and lasts several years
Cognitive therapy treatments
- Systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving (STEPPS)
- Group intervention
- CBT
- Improves negative affect, impulsivity, and functioning
Psychodynamic treatment
- Mentalization
- Provides validation and support
- Develop emotional awareness and understanding
- Preliminary research supports effectiveness

20
Q

Histrionic personality disorder: symptoms, prognosis, comorbid disorders

A
  • Excessive attention-seeking, emotionality, self-centered, and overly dramatic
  • Stormy interpersonal relationships
  • Seductive
  • Prevalence: 1-3%
  • More prevalent in women
  • Comorbid with depression, substance use, somatization, panic attacks
21
Q

Treatment of histrionic personality disorder:

A
  • Very little empirical research
  • Psychodynamic therapy: Uncovering repressed emotions and needs
  • Cognitive therapy: Challenge need for attention to validate self-worth
22
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder: symptoms, prognosis, comorbid disorders

A
  • Grandiosity: Exaggerated sense of self importance
  • Preoccupation with being admired
  • Lack of empathy for others
  • Ignore or devalue others’ needs/wants
  • Prevalence: 7.1%M, 4.8%W
23
Q

Cognitive theories of narcissistic personality disorder

A
  • Unrealistic positive assumptions about self
  • Defense against rejection or unmet emotional needs
24
Q

Two subtypes of narcissism and definitions

A
  • Grandiose: social dominance, superiority, entitlement
  • Vulnerable: self-absorbed, constant need for reassurance, hypersensitivity to rejection or criticism
25
Q

Treatment of narcissistic personality disorder: collaborative therapeutic approach

A

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26
Q

Avoidant personality disorder: symptoms, comorbid disorders

A
  • Excessive avoidance of interpersonal interactions
  • Low self-esteem and prone to shame *Fear rejection and criticism
  • 1.5 -2.5% prevalence rate
  • Slightly more women
  • Comorbid with depression and anxiety
    • Social anxiety disorder?
27
Q

Theories of avoidant personality disorder:

A
  • Twin studies
  • Genetic play a role
  • Emotional neglect and parental rejection
  • Cognitive theory
    • Dysfunctional beliefs about worthlessness
    • Result of childhood rejection
28
Q

Treatment of borderline personality disorder:

A
  • CBT
    • Exposure to social settings
    • Social skills training
    • Challenge negative automatic thoughts
29
Q

Dependent personality disorder: symptoms, comorbid disorders

A
  • Extreme dependency on others
  • Panic when alone
  • Lack self-confidence, clingy, rely on others to make decisions
  • Prevalence: 0.78%
  • More women than men
  • Comorbid with mood and anxiety disorders.
30
Q

Theories of dependent personality disorder:

A
  • Modest genetic influence
  • Behavioral theory
    • Learned behaviors
  • Cognitive theory
    • Inflexible beliefs about weakness and needing others to survive
31
Q

Treatment of dependent personality disorder:

A
  • Seek therapy frequently
  • Psychodynamic therapy
    • gain insight into early negative experiences with caregivers
  • Humanistic
    • Foster autonomy and self-confidence
  • CBT
    • Increase assertive behavior
    • Decrease anxiety
    • Challenge maladaptive beliefs
  • exposure therapy
32
Q

OCPD: symptoms, prognosis, comorbid disorders

A
  • Perfectionism
  • Excessive concern with order and control
  • Poor interpersonal relationships
    • Rigid, stubborn, cold
  • Related to OCD?
    • Share features, but no obsessions and compulsions
  • Prevalence: 2-8%
  • No gender differences
  • Comorbid with depression, anxiety, and eating disorders
33
Q

Theories of OCPD:

A

Cognitive theory
- Strong rigid beliefs
Biological theory
- Genetic factors similar to those in OCD
- History of physical neglect?
- Abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex

34
Q

Treatment of OCPD:

A

Supportive therapies:
- Assist in overcoming the crises that require treatment
Behavioral therapies:
- Decrease compulsive behaviors

35
Q

Alternative model: 5 core personality traits of personality disorders and their definitions

A
  • Negative affectivity: Stress tolerance
  • Detachment: Withdrawn, avoidant, untrusting
  • Antagonism: Deceitfulness, grandiosity, callousness
  • Disinhibition: Impulsive, risk-taking, and irresponsible
  • Psychoticism: Highly unusual beliefs and eccentric behaviors
36
Q

Steps in diagnosing personality disorder

A
  1. Determining an individual’s level of functioning
  2. Determining whether an individual has any pathological personality traits
  3. Determining whether an individual meet the criteria for personality disorders

PBSI 306 (14 decks)

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