Chapter 4 Flashcards

Identifying potential hazards

1
Q

Operations level are part of the initial defense response to protect what

A

Life the environment and property

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2
Q

Applying what process is the first
responsibility of operations level responder to analyze an incident

A

APIE-T

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3
Q

APIE-T STANDS FOR

A

analyze, Plan, implement, evaluate p. 125

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4
Q

What are characteristics of a material that do not involve the chemistry or chemical nature of the material?

A

Physical properties

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5
Q

Materials can be categorized by the following ‘’’’’:
State of matter
Melting point/freezing point/sublimation
Vapor pressure
Boiling point
Specific gravity
Vapor density
Molecular weight
Particle size,
persistence, and viscosity
appearance and order
Water solubility/miscibility

A

Physical properties

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6
Q

Matter exists in three states, which are they

A

Gas liquid and solid. n126

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7
Q

Incident involving what are potentially the most dangerous for responders

A

gas

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8
Q

’’ material have many variables and hazard such as:
May have an order(chlorine)
May be colorless, odorless, tasteless
Maybe separate or in any combo of toxic, corrosive or flammable
May have high pressure
Maybe extremely cold

A

GASOUES

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9
Q

Depending on ventilation other factors, the ‘’’ may spread:
Throughout the building
Two other buildings
Through access shaft
Into the soil
Into the street p. 127

A

GAS

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10
Q

What are difficult if not impossible to contain for mitigation purpose

A

Gases

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11
Q

What gases expand rapidly when released potentially threatening large areas

A

Compressed gas and liquefied gas

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12
Q

What don’t typically travel as far as gases unless they spill into a path or channel that transport liquid quickly and efficiently

A

Liquids p. 128

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13
Q

What from liquids may travel much like gas, although typically not as far from the source, and they may be much more difficult to detect than liquid itself

A

Vapors

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14
Q

Vapors from’’’ may be x5
Contact hazards
inhalation hazard
Flammable
Corrosive
Toxic

A

liquids

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15
Q

What are least mobile of the three states of matter

A

Solid

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16
Q

Solid will typically remain in place unless back up upon by external forces, such as

A

Wind, water, and gravity

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17
Q

What is the unit measured typically used to express particle size?

A

Micrometer

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18
Q

’’’ may have the following

dangers, includinginhalation or contact hazard
Small combustible particles that ignited may explode
Entrapment hazards in the form of loose solids confined to large containers
Flammable, reactive, radioactive, corrosive, and toxic p. 129

A

Solid

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19
Q

What does it mean to directly change from a solid to a gas?:
EX: dry ice
Elemental iodine
NAPTHALENE

A

sublimate

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20
Q

What materials present the same hazards and concerns as liquids that emit vapor

A

sublimate

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21
Q

What is a solid particle that is formed or generated from a solid organic organic material by reducing its size to mechanical processes, such as crushing grinding drilling

A

Dust

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22
Q

What is suspicion of particles that form material from a vapor state solid condenses and cold air?(Smoke like particles resulting from condensation)

A

Fumes

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23
Q

what are Finely divided liquid suspended in the atmosphere.

A

Mist

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24
Q

Form of pressurized characterized by highly respirable , min liquid or solid particles. As a high speed of travel

A

aerosol

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25
Q

What are solid particles whose length is several times greater than its diameter?

A

Fiber

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26
Q

Gaseous form of a material that is normally in a solid or liquid state at room, temperature and pressure, formed by evaporation from liquid or sublimation from a solid

A

vapor

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27
Q

Visible aerosol of a liquid formed by condensation( smaller droplet size than mist)

A

Fog p. 130

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28
Q

What are the six different processes involved in physical change?
M
F
E
C
S
D

A

Melting, freezing evaporation, condensation, sublimation deposition

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29
Q

The temperature at which a solid substance is changed to a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure is

A

Melting

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30
Q

The temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid at normal atmospheric pressure

A

Freezing

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31
Q

The process by liquid becomes normal atmospheric pressure

A

Vaporization

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32
Q

The process of vapor and air changed into a liquid

A

Condensation

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33
Q

Change directly from my vapor to Solid without going into a liquid state in between

A

Deposition

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34
Q

What is the force per unit of area applied perpendicular to surface?

A

Pressure

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35
Q

What is the baseline measurement for pressure?

A

Atmospheric pressure. p.131

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36
Q

Gas is always moved from areas of higher pressure to areas of

A

Lower pressure

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37
Q

What is the pressure exerted by standard be above its own liquid in a close container( pressure produced, or exerted by vapor released by a liquid)

A

Pressure

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38
Q

Materials with a vapor pressures over ‘’ will be gases under normal conditions

A

760mmhg

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39
Q

Vapor pressure measurements are based on standard temperatures of what

A

68° at one atmosphere

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40
Q

A vapor pressure near 760 means the material will what

A

Evaporate

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41
Q

The higher the temperature of a substance the higher, what will be

A

vapor pressure

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42
Q

The lower the boiling point of a material, the what its vapor pressure will be

A

higher p. 132

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43
Q

What is the temperature at which liquids change to gas pressure?

A

Boiling point

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44
Q

Responding liquid low boiling points are especially hazardous because they turn into gas at what temperatures

A

Ambient

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45
Q

What can occur when a liquid within containers causing material inside to boil vaporize

A

BLEVE

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46
Q

What most commonly occurs in flames contacted tank shell above the liquid level or when insufficient waters apply to keep a tank show cool

A

BLEVE p. 133

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47
Q

What is the ratio of density of a material to the density of a standard material usually an equal volume of water at a standard condition of pressure and temperature?

A

Specific gravity

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48
Q

Materials with specific gravities less than what Will what in water, materials with Pacific gravity greater than what will what in water?

A

1, float
1, sink

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49
Q

Most flammable liquids have specific gravities less than

A

One and will float on water

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50
Q

What weight is used to determine vapor density?

A

Molecular weight

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51
Q

Air has a molecule weight of

A

29g

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52
Q

What is the molecular weight of a given material divided by the weight of air

A

Vapor density

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53
Q

Materials with molecule weight of “” and less than what will be the lighter than air and a weight greater than what will be heavier than air

A

29

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54
Q

Examples of materials with vapor densities less than 1 include:
H,N, A, H

A

Helium, neon, acetylene hydrogen p. 135

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55
Q

Most gas have vapor densities greater than ‘’’, They will ‘’ in relation to ambient air and will display auction at low levels

A

1, SINK

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56
Q

Common materials with ‘’ greater than air:
Butane, chlorine, ethanol, hydrogen, sulfide, propane, sulfur dioxide

A

Densities

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57
Q

Hot vapors will what but unless totally dispersed they will sink once they have cooled

A

Rise

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58
Q

Cold vapors are dense and will Stay low, but will rise as they ?

A

warm

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59
Q

The what of a Chemical is its ability to remain in the environment when unconfined

A

Persistence

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60
Q

What is related to vapor pressure and boiling point

A

Persist

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61
Q

What is the measure of the thickness or flowability of liquid at a given temperature?

A

viscosity

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62
Q

Usually, the hottter a liquid, the thinner or more what it becomes

A

Fluid

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63
Q

The cooler a liquid, the thicker or less it ‘’’ it becomes.

A

Fluid

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64
Q

Example of materials with difference in this viscous are:
A
W
O
H

A

Acetone, water, oil, honey p. 135

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65
Q

What is the process of injecting an odor into a compost gas so that it is detected by smell?

A

Odorization

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66
Q

The smell of natural gas is what

A

mercaptan p. 137

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67
Q

Never use odor to determine what

A

Safe or unsafe areas

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68
Q

What in water expresses the percent of a material that will dissolve in a quantity of water at ambient temperatures

A

solubility

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69
Q

Examples of hydrocarbons:
G
D
F
P

A

Gasoline, diesel ,fuel ,pentane

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70
Q

Alcohol, methanol, M. EK ARE Examples of ‘’’’

A

Polar solvent

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71
Q

What kind of chemicals will penetrate into the lower respiratory system and cause delayed 12 to 24 hour symptoms that include breathing difficulties, pulmonary edema and coughing up blood

A

Water soluble chemicals

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72
Q

What describes the ability of two or more gases or liquids to mix with or to dissolve into each other

A

Misciability

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73
Q

Materials that do not readily dissolve into each other are considered

A

immiscible( examples, water, and fuel oil)

74
Q

A chemical what of a substance describes its relative ability to undergo a chemical react with itself or another material

A

Reactivity

75
Q

What materials commonly react, vigorously or violently with air, water, heat, light, each other or other materials

A

Reactive materials

76
Q

4 elements necessary to produce combustion

A

Oxygen, fuel, heat in a chemical chain reaction

77
Q

Reactivity triangle consists of:
OA-
RA-
ES-

A

Oxidizing agent( oxygen) , reducing Agent( fuel) and and activation energy source( heat)p. 139

78
Q

’’ are materials that are added to products that easily polymerize in order to control or prevent an undesired reaction

A

inhibitors

79
Q

What increase the needed activation energy

A

Inhibitors p. 142

80
Q

Corrosives are commonly divided to 2 broad categories, which are

A

Acids and base

81
Q

The corrosivity of acid and bases as often measured or expressed in the terms of

A

PH
(hydrogen)

82
Q

The PH scale ranges from 0-“” . Out of that what is neutral, neither acid or a base ?

83
Q

What have pH values of 0 to 6.9 in may cause severe chemical burns to flush and permanent eye damage

84
Q

What have pH values of 7.1 to 14, breakdown, fatty tissues, and penetrate deeply into the body. often cause more eye damage than acids due to the longer duration of exposure

85
Q

The common sign of exposure to a’’ is:

Greasy or slick feeling of the skin which can be caused by breakdown of fatty tissues Caused by saponification ( breakdown of fatty tissues) p. 143

86
Q

What is the amount of acid or base mixed with water most commonly measured in percentages.

A

Concentration

87
Q

What is the minimum temperature which a liquid or volatile solid gives off sufficient vapors to form an IGNITABLE mixture with air near surface?

A

Flashpoint

88
Q

What is the temperature at which a liquid or volatile substance gives off Enough Vapors to Form and ignitable mixture with air near its surface …

usually only a few degrees higher than its flashpoint

A

Fire point

89
Q

A liquid volatile solid that produces the vapor does not

90
Q

Flammable gases have extremely low ‘’ so they considered flammable at all times

A

Flashpoints p . 144

91
Q

The weight of a substance is the minimum temperature to which the fuel in air must be heated to self sustain combustion without initiation from an independent ignition source

A

Auto ignition temperature

92
Q

What is the point of which a fuel spontaneously ignites?

A

Ignition temperature

93
Q

Auto ignition temperature of gasoline is

94
Q

The flashpoint of gasoline is

95
Q

The weight of a vapor or gas is the lowest concentration that will burn when an ignition source is presented

A

Lower, explosive limit or lower flammable limit p. 146

96
Q

If LeL/UeL vapor gas is in confinement. The result might be an

97
Q

If LeL/UeL vapor gas is not in confinement the results may be

A

Fireball p. 147

98
Q

The least energetic form of radiation is such as visible light, microwaves and radio waves

A

Non-ionizing radiation

99
Q

The most energetic and hazards former radiation is

A

Ionizing radiation

100
Q

Ionizing radiation is divided into four types which are:
A
B
G
N

A

Alpha, Beta, gamma, and neutron

101
Q

What is energetic, positively charged particle that emitted from a nucleus during a radioactive decay and rapidly loses energy when passing through materials. Does not travel far in open air.

102
Q

What particles do not penetrate deeply and can usually completely be blocked by outer layer of human skin and is not hazardous to the outside of the body can be stopped by a sheet of paper

103
Q

Alpha Particle can be very harmful if

A

Ingested or inhaled p. 148

104
Q

What are fast moving, positively charged?positron or negatively charged electrons that are admitted from the atoms nucleus during radioactive decay. Humans are exposed to these particles from manufactured and natural sources such as tritium , carbon – 14, strontium-90

105
Q

What particle is penetrate further than alpha particles, but can cause less damage over equal travel distance, capable, penetrating the skin and causing radiation damage. Can be stopped by a layer of clothes, a thin sheet of metal or thick plexiglass.

A

beta p. 149

106
Q

What rays are high energy photons?

A

gamma rays

107
Q

What type of radiation can easily pass completely through the human body and be absorbed by tissue it constitutes a whole body hazard

108
Q

Material such as what can be useful as a shield against gamma radiation:
C
E
L

A

Concrete, earth and lead

109
Q

Structural firefighting, protective clothes provide no protection against

110
Q

X-rays and gamma rays are highly energized, electromagnetic radiation, referred to as

111
Q

X-rays and photons are

112
Q

What are particles that have a physical mass but have no electrical charge highly penetrating

113
Q

Shielding from neutron radiation requires materials with high amounts of what ‘’’ such as O,W,C

A

Hydrogen such as oil, water, and concrete p. 150

114
Q

Radioactive contamination occurs when radioactive materials is deposited on what:
S
S
C

A

Surface, skin, clothing, or any place where it is not desired

115
Q

The effects of ionizing radiation occur at what level

116
Q

Exposure to radiation received in short periods of time is considered what versus small amount of radiation received or long periods of time

A

Acute versus chronic p. 151

117
Q

Regarding radioactive material, one basic protection strategy uses what

A

Time distance and shielding

118
Q

Using time distance and shielding to limit exposure to radiation is sometimes referred to as

A

As low as reasonably achievable method or principle ALARA)

119
Q

The degree to which a substance causes harm with a body is called its

A

Toxicity p. 153

120
Q

What causes temporary, sometimes severe inflammation to the eye skin or respiratory systems

121
Q

What causes involuntary muscle contractions can kill the victim asphyxiates or succumbs to exhaustion while convulsing

A

Convulsants

122
Q

What causes an overreaction of the immune system?

A

Allergens p. 155

123
Q

Smoke is an aerosol comprised of:
G
V
P

A

Gases, vapor and solid particles p. 156

124
Q

What is a chemical asphyxiant that is a byproduct of an incomplete combustion of organic materials. Most common product of combustion encountered and structure fires

A

Carbon monoxide

125
Q

What is a product of complete combustion of organic materials it acts as a simple Asphyxiant by displacing Oxygen, also increases respiratory rate.

A

Carbon dioxide

126
Q

What are organic substances and microorganisms that oppose a threat to the health of humans and other living organisms?

A

Biological hazards

127
Q

What are organisms or inanimate objects that spread infection by transmitting pathogens into living organisms.. some examples mosquitoes ,ticks, needles, bloody bandages

128
Q

What are the simplest types of microorganisms that can only replicate themselves and living cells of their host?

129
Q

What are microscopic, single celled organisms may cause disease and peoples they’re invading the tissue or producing toxins

130
Q

Are produced by living organisms, usually not harmful to people

A

Biological toxins

131
Q

Biological hazards, cause disease they considered

A

etiological hazards

132
Q

What diseases are caused by reproduction and spread of microorganisms in the body?

A

Infectious diseases

133
Q

Another word for microorganism

A

Pathogens p. 157

134
Q

Examples of diseases associated with biological hazards or threats:
D
I
M

A

Diarrhea disease
Influenza
Measles

135
Q

Examples of potential’’ weapons include:
Anthrax(bacterial)
botulism
smallpox( virus)

A

Biological weapons

136
Q

The general hazardous material behavior model, often referred to as

A

General emergency behavior model(GEBMO)

137
Q

GEBMO is based on ludwig banner jr definition of ?

A

Hazardous materials

138
Q

’’’’’ model assumes a hazard material incidents have the following common elements:

Materials presenting hazards to people, the environment or property
Containers that have failed or have potential
Exposure or potential exposure to people environment, and property

A

GEMBO MODEL

139
Q

The common sequence of hazmat incidents:
S
B
R
D/E
E/C
H

A

Stress, breach, release, disperse/engulf, exposure/contact, harm p. 158

140
Q

What are the seven mechanisms of harm?
TRACEM-P

A

Thermal, radiological, asphyxiating, chemical, ethological/biological, mechanical and psychological

141
Q

Container stress is caused by what 3 energy:
T
C
M

A

Thermal, chemical, mechanical energy

142
Q

Excessive heat or cold, could cause an intolerable expansion, contraction, weakness, or consumption of the container and its parts

A

Thermal energy

143
Q

The container undergoing excessive’'’may be:
Extremely close to flame
Undergoing the operation of a relief valve
Making noise of expansion or contract
Subject to changing environmental conditions

144
Q

Uncontrollable reactions/interaction of a container and its content is whay energy

A

Chemical energy

145
Q

’’ reaction could result in the following:
Sudden, long-term deterioration

Excessive heat and pressure causing deterioration of container

Corrosives between the hazards material and the container material

Interior of a container may experience chemical stress with no visible indication from exterior p. 159

146
Q

Physical application of energy could result in container/attachment damage

A

Mechanical energy

147
Q

Change the shape of the contain
Reduced the thickness of the
Crack or produce
Fasten or disengage valves and piping or penetrate the container wall is what stress?? ‘’’ stress

A

Mechanical stress

148
Q

Cause of mechanical stress include

A

Collision, impact or internal over pressure

149
Q

When evaluating container consider the following

A

Type of container
Product in the container
Type amount of stress
Potential duration of stress p 160

150
Q

Containers holding gases are inherently subjected to

A

Stress p. 161

151
Q

When a container is stressed beyond, that’s what it opens or breaches and releases his contents IS WOULD BE A LIMIT OF

A

Limits of recovery

152
Q

What occurs in container that are made of brittle materials. The container substains a general loss of integrity. example includes a glass bottle shattering or grenade exploding

A

disintegration

153
Q

Break deck contains into two or more relatively large pieces or a large tears

A

Runaway crack

154
Q

May fail open or break off on subject to stress leading to total failure of a container

A

Attachment open or break

155
Q

Occurs when foreign objects penetrate through the container

156
Q

Container may also breach through a split such as a Weld seam on the tank or when the drum fails

A

Split or tear p. 162

157
Q

Instantaneous and explosive release of stored chemical energy of a hazardous material

A

Detonation

158
Q

Immediate release of chemical or mechanical energy caused by a runaway crash occurs within a timeframe of one second or less a BLEVE would be an example of this

A

Violent rupture

159
Q

That of pressurized hazardous material through properly operating safety devices, this action may occur in a period being several seconds to several minutes expect to see damage valves/piping

A

Rapid relief

160
Q

Slow release of hazards materials through holes, rips, tears or unusual opening/attachments

A

Spill/leak p. 163

161
Q

Dispersion of a material is sometimes referred to as

A

Engulfment

162
Q

Common dispersion patterns include:
H
C
P
C
S
P
I

A

Hemispheric
cloud
plume ( puffer release/ongoing release)
Cone
Stream
Pool
Irregular

163
Q

Semi circle or dome shaped pattern of airborne hazardous material that is still partially in contact with the ground or water. Generally results from a rapid release of energy.

A

hemisphere

164
Q

The following elements are common to ‘’’ release:

Energy - generally travels a word in all directions

Dispersion of energy- affected by terrain cloud cover

Release-may propel the hazards material and container parts

A

hemispheric

165
Q

Ball shaped pattern of airborne has its materials that collectively rise above the ground or water.

166
Q

Terrain/ wind effects can transform a cloud into a

167
Q

Irregular shaped pattern of airborne hazardous materials where wind and topography influence the downrange course from the point of release

168
Q

Other plume dispersion elements include:
PR
OR

A

Puff release- all the material at one time
Ongoing release- concentration increases overtime until the leak stops then decreases

169
Q

Triangle pattern with a source breach and a wide base down range.. Solids, liquids or gas materials and three dimension’’ shapes

170
Q

Surface following patterns of liquid hazardous materials that is affected by gravity topographical contours.

171
Q

Three dimension, slow flowing liquid dispersion, liquid, assumes the shape of their container and pools and low areas

172
Q

Irregular indiscriminate deposit of hazardous materials

A

Irregular p. 165

173
Q

Consider the following exposures and hazards and risk assessment

A

People, environment, property

174
Q

Contact impingements are associated with the following general timeframe:
Immediate :
Short term :
medium Term :
Long Term:

A

Immediate- milliseconds -seconds( deflagration, explosion, or detonation).
Short term- minute - hours( gas or vaper clouds)
Medium term-days, weeks, months( lingering pesticides)
Long-term- years, generations( permanent radioactive soure)

175
Q

When first responders collect information about physical and chemical properties of release hazardous materials, they can

A

Determine the present hazmat
Predict the incident may progress
Estimate potential harm .168

176
Q

To identify endangered areas personal must gather and correctly interpret information including the following:
S
S
E
PH
SH

A

Size, shape, exposures, and physical health and safety hazards p. 170

177
Q

4 ‘’’’ communication services listed for the
US CHEMTREC
CHEMTEL INC
INFTRAC
Verisk 3 E p. 171 chapter 5

A

emergency response

178
Q

In certain ‘’’’’ documentation the AHJ may have additional documents and or reports for completion certain reports, depending on the incident or other factors may require additional documents, including:

NFIRS
Dept specific IAP
Site safety plans
NIMS reports such as I ICS208HM
After action reports
Exposure reports
Patient care reports

A

post incident

179
Q

The __________ the temperature of a substance, the __________ its vapor pressure will be. (p. 132)

A

HIGHER /HIGHER

180
Q

What do the following materials have in common: hydrogen, hydrogen cyanide, methane, nitrogen, helium, hydrogen fluoride, neon, carbon monoxide, and ammonia? (p. 135)

A

Vapor densities lighter than or equal to air

181
Q

Which hazard results in a medium-term impingement? (p. 168)

A

LINGERING PESTICIDES