Chapter 4 Flashcards
Identifying potential hazards
Operations level are part of the initial defense response to protect what
Life the environment and property
Applying what process is the first
responsibility of operations level responder to analyze an incident
APIE-T
APIE-T STANDS FOR
analyze, Plan, implement, evaluate p. 125
What are characteristics of a material that do not involve the chemistry or chemical nature of the material?
Physical properties
Materials can be categorized by the following ‘’’’’:
State of matter
Melting point/freezing point/sublimation
Vapor pressure
Boiling point
Specific gravity
Vapor density
Molecular weight
Particle size,
persistence, and viscosity
appearance and order
Water solubility/miscibility
Physical properties
Matter exists in three states, which are they
Gas liquid and solid. n126
Incident involving what are potentially the most dangerous for responders
gas
’’ material have many variables and hazard such as:
May have an order(chlorine)
May be colorless, odorless, tasteless
Maybe separate or in any combo of toxic, corrosive or flammable
May have high pressure
Maybe extremely cold
GASOUES
Depending on ventilation other factors, the ‘’’ may spread:
Throughout the building
Two other buildings
Through access shaft
Into the soil
Into the street p. 127
GAS
What are difficult if not impossible to contain for mitigation purpose
Gases
What gases expand rapidly when released potentially threatening large areas
Compressed gas and liquefied gas
What don’t typically travel as far as gases unless they spill into a path or channel that transport liquid quickly and efficiently
Liquids p. 128
What from liquids may travel much like gas, although typically not as far from the source, and they may be much more difficult to detect than liquid itself
Vapors
Vapors from’’’ may be x5
Contact hazards
inhalation hazard
Flammable
Corrosive
Toxic
liquids
What are least mobile of the three states of matter
Solid
Solid will typically remain in place unless back up upon by external forces, such as
Wind, water, and gravity
What is the unit measured typically used to express particle size?
Micrometer
’’’ may have the following
dangers, includinginhalation or contact hazard
Small combustible particles that ignited may explode
Entrapment hazards in the form of loose solids confined to large containers
Flammable, reactive, radioactive, corrosive, and toxic p. 129
Solid
What does it mean to directly change from a solid to a gas?
sublimate
What materials present the same hazards and concerns as liquids that emit vapor
sublimate
What is a solid particle that is formed or generated from a solid organic organic material by reducing its size to mechanical processes, such as crushing grinding drilling
Dust
What is suspicion of particles that form material from a vapor state solid condenses and cold air?(Smoke like particles resulting from condensation)
Fumes
what are Finely divided liquid suspended in the atmosphere.
Mist
Form of pressurized characterized by highly respirable , min liquid or solid particles. As a high speed of travel
aerosol
What are solid particles whose length is several times greater than its diameter?
Fiber
Gaseous form of a material that is normally in a solid or liquid state at room, temperature and pressure, formed by evaporation from liquid or sublimation from a solid
vapor
Visible aerosol of a liquid formed by condensation( smaller droplet size than mist)
Fog p. 130
What are the six different processes involved in physical change?
M
F
E
C
S
D
Melting, freezing evaporation, condensation, sublimation deposition
The temperature at which a solid substance is changed to a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure is
Melting
The temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid at normal atmospheric pressure
Freezing
The process by liquid becomes normal atmospheric pressure
Vaporization
The process of vapor and air changed into a liquid
Condensation
Change directly from four solid into a gas without going into a liquid state in between
sublimation
1
Change directly from my vapor to Solid without going into a liquid state in between
Deposition
What is the force per unit of area applied perpendicular to surface?
Pressure
What is the baseline measurement for pressure?
Atmospheric pressure. p.131
Gas is always moved from areas of higher pressure to areas of
Lower pressure
What is the pressure exerted by standard be above its own liquid in a close container( pressure produced, or exerted by vapor released by a liquid)
Pressure
Materials with a vapor pressures over ‘’ will be gases under normal conditions
760mmhg
Vapor pressure measurements are based on standard temperatures of what
68° at one atmosphere
A vapor pressure near 760 means the material will what
Evaporate
The higher the temperature of a substance the higher, what will be
vapor pressure
The lower the boiling point of a material, the what its vapor pressure will be
higher p. 132
What is the temperature at which liquids change to gas pressure?
Boiling point
Responding liquid low boiling points are especially hazardous because they turn into gas at what temperatures
Ambient
What can occur when a liquid within containers causing material inside to boil vaporize
BLEVE
What most commonly occurs in flames contacted tank shell above the liquid level or when insufficient waters apply to keep a tank show cool
BLEVE p. 133
What is the ratio of density of a material to the density of a standard material usually an equal volume of water at a standard condition of pressure and temperature?
Specific gravity
Materials with specific gravities less than what Will what in water, materials with Pacific gravity greater than what will what in water?
1, float
1, sink
Most flammable liquids have specific gravities less than
One and will float on water
What weight is used to determine vapor density?
Molecular weight
Air has a molecule weight of
29g
What is the molecular weight of a given material divided by the weight of air
Vapor density
Materials with molecule weight of “” and less than what will be the lighter than air and a weight greater than what will be heavier than air
29
Examples of materials with vapor densities less than 1 include:
H,N, A, H
Helium, neon, acetylene hydrogen p. 135
Most gas have vapor densities greater than ‘’’, They will ‘’ in relation to ambient air and will display auction at low levels
1, SINK
Common materials with ‘’ greater than air:
Butane, chlorine, ethanol, hydrogen, sulfide, propane, sulfur dioxide
Densities
Hot vapors will what but unless totally dispersed they will sink once they have cooled
Rise
Cold vapors are dense and will Stay low, but will rise as they ?
warm
The what of a Chemical is its ability to remain in the environment when unconfined
Persistence
What is related to vapor pressure and boiling point
Persist
What is the measure of the thickness or flowability of liquid at a given temperature?
viscosity
Usually, the hottter a liquid, the thinner or more what it becomes
Fluid
The cooler a liquid, the thicker or less it ‘’’ it becomes.
Fluid
Example of materials with difference in this viscous are:
A
W
O
H
Acetone, water, oil, honey p. 135
What is the process of injecting an odor into a compost gas so that it is detected by smell?
Odorization
The smell of natural gas is what
mercaptan p. 137
Never use odor to determine what
Safe or unsafe areas
What in water expresses the percent of a material that will dissolve in a quantity of water at ambient temperatures
solubility
Examples of hydrocarbons:
G
D
F
P
Gasoline, diesel ,fuel ,pentane
Alcohol, methanol, M. EK ARE Examples of ‘’’’
Polar solvent
What kind of chemicals will penetrate into the lower respiratory system and cause delayed 12 to 24 hour symptoms that include breathing difficulties, pulmonary edema and coughing up blood
Water soluble chemicals
What describes the ability of two or more gases or liquids to mix with or to dissolve into each other
Misciability
Materials that do not readily dissolve into each other are considered
immiscible( examples, water, and fuel oil)
A chemical what of a substance describes its relative ability to undergo a chemical react with itself or another material
Reactivity
What materials commonly react, vigorously or violently with air, water, heat, light, each other or other materials
Reactive materials
4 elements necessary to produce combustion
Oxygen, fuel, heat in a chemical chain reaction
Reactivity triangle consists of:
OA-
RA-
ES-
Oxidizing agent( oxygen) , reducing Agent( fuel) and and activation energy source( heat)p. 139
’’ are materials that are added to products that easily polymerize in order to control or prevent an undesired reaction
inhibitors
What increase the needed activation energy
Inhibitors p. 142
Corrosives are commonly divided to 2 broad categories, which are
Acids and base
The corrosivity of acid and bases as often measured or expressed in the terms of
PH
(hydrogen)
The PH scale ranges from 0-“” . Out of that what is neutral, neither acid or a base ?
0-14, 7
What have pH values of 0 to 6.9 in may cause severe chemical burns to flush and permanent eye damage
Acids
What have pH values of 7.1 to 14, breakdown, fatty tissues, and penetrate deeply into the body. often cause more eye damage than acids due to the longer duration of exposure
bases
The common sign of exposure to a’’ is:
Greasy or slick feeling of the skin which can be caused by breakdown of fatty tissues Caused by saponification ( breakdown of fatty tissues) p. 143
BASE
What is the amount of acid or base mixed with water most commonly measured in percentages.
Concentration
What is the minimum temperature which a liquid or volatile solid gives off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near surface?
Flashpoint
What is the temperature at which a liquid or volatile substance gives off Enough Vapors to Form and ignitable mixture with air near its surface …
usually only a few degrees higher than its flashpoint
Fire point
A liquid volatile solid that produces the vapor does not
Burn
Flammable gases have extremely low ‘’ so they considered flammable at all times
Flashpoints p . 144
The weight of a substance is the minimum temperature to which the fuel in air must be heated to self sustain combustion without initiation from an independent ignition source
Auto ignition temperature
What is the point of which a fuel spontaneously ignites?
Ignition temperature
Auto ignition temperature of gasoline is
536 f
The flashpoint of gasoline is
-45f
The weight of a vapor or gas is the lowest concentration that will burn when an ignition source is presented
Lower, explosive limit or lower flammable limit p. 146
If LeL/UeL vapor gas is in confinement. The result might be an
Explosion
If LeL/UeL vapor gas is not in confinement the results may be
Fireball p. 147
The least energetic form of radiation is such as visible light, microwaves and radio waves
Non-ionizing radiation
The most energetic and hazards former radiation is
Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation is divided into four types which are:
A
B
G
N
Alpha, Beta, gamma, and neutron
What is energetic, positively charged particle that emitted from a nucleus during a radioactive decay and rapidly loses energy when passing through materials. Does not travel far in open air.
Alpha
What particles do not penetrate deeply and can usually completely be blocked by outer layer of human skin and is not hazardous to the outside of the body can be stopped by a sheet of paper
Alpha
Alpha Particle can be very harmful if
Ingested or inhaled p. 148
What are fast moving, positively charged?positron or negatively charged electrons that are admitted from the atoms nucleus during radioactive decay. Humans are exposed to these particles from manufactured and natural sources such as tritium , carbon – 14, strontium-90
Beta
What particle is penetrate further than alpha particles, but can cause less damage over equal travel distance, capable, penetrating the skin and causing radiation damage. Can be stopped by a layer of clothes, a thin sheet of metal or thick plexiglass.
beta p. 149
What rays are high energy photons?
gamma rays
What type of radiation can easily pass completely through the human body and be absorbed by tissue it constitutes a whole body hazard
gamma
Material such as what can be useful as a shield against gamma radiation:
C
E
L
Concrete, earth and lead
Structural firefighting, protective clothes provide no protection against
Gamma
X-rays and gamma rays are highly energized, electromagnetic radiation, referred to as
Photons
X-rays and photons are
The same
What are particles that have a physical mass but have no electrical charge highly penetrating
Neutrons
Shielding from neutron radiation requires materials with high amounts of what ‘’’ such as O,W,C
Hydrogen such as oil, water, and concrete p. 150
Radioactive contamination occurs when radioactive materials is deposited on what:
S
S
C
Surface, skin, clothing, or any place where it is not desired
The effects of ionizing radiation occur at what level
Cellular
Exposure to radiation received in short periods of time is considered what versus small amount of radiation received or long periods of time
Acute versus chronic p. 151
Regarding radioactive material, one basic protection strategy uses what
Time distance and shielding
Using time distance and shielding to limit exposure to radiation is sometimes referred to as
As low as reasonably achievable method or principle ALARA)
The degree to which a substance causes harm with a body is called its
Toxicity p. 153
What causes temporary, sometimes severe inflammation to the eye skin or respiratory systems
Irritants
What causes involuntary muscle contractions can kill the victim asphyxiates or succumbs to exhaustion while convulsing
Convulsants
What causes an overreaction of the immune system?
Allergens p. 155
Smoke is an aerosol comprised of:
G
V
P
Gases, vapor and solid particles p. 156
What is a chemical asphyxiant that is a byproduct of an incomplete combustion of organic materials. Most common product of combustion encountered and structure fires
Carbon monoxide
What is a product of complete combustion of organic materials it acts as a simple Asphyxiant by displacing Oxygen, also increases respiratory rate.
Carbon dioxide
What are organic substances and microorganisms that oppose a threat to the health of humans and other living organisms?
Biological hazards
What are organisms or inanimate objects that spread infection by transmitting pathogens into living organisms.. some examples mosquitoes ,ticks, needles, bloody bandages
Vectors :
What are the simplest types of microorganisms that can only replicate themselves and living cells of their host?
Viruses
What are microscopic, single celled organisms may cause disease and peoples they’re invading the tissue or producing toxins
Bacteria
Are produced by living organisms, usually not harmful to people
Biological toxins
Biological hazards, cause disease they considered
etiological hazards
What diseases are caused by reproduction and spread of microorganisms in the body?
Infectious diseases
Another word for microorganism
Pathogens p. 157
Examples of diseases associated with biological hazards or threats:
D
I
M
Diarrhea disease
Influenza
Measles
Examples of potential’’ weapons include:
Anthrax(bacterial)
botulism
smallpox( virus)
Biological weapons
The general hazardous material behavior model, often referred to as
General emergency behavior model(GEBMO)
GEBMO is based on ludwig banner jr definition of ?
Hazardous materials
’’’’’ model assumes a hazard material incidents have the following common elements:
Materials presenting hazards to people, the environment or property
Containers that have failed or have potential
Exposure or potential exposure to people environment, and property
GEMBO MODEL
The common sequence of hazmat incidents:
S
B
R
D/E
E/C
H
Stress, breach, release, disperse/engulf, exposure/contact, harm p. 158
What are the seven mechanisms of harm?
TRACEM-P
Thermal, radiological, asphyxiating, chemical, ethological/biological, mechanical and psychological
Container stress is caused by what 3 energy:
T
C
M
Thermal, chemical, mechanical energy
Excessive heat or cold, could cause an intolerable expansion, contraction, weakness, or consumption of the container and its parts
Thermal energy
The container undergoing excessive’'’may be:
Extremely close to flame
Undergoing the operation of a relief valve
Making noise of expansion or contract
Subject to changing environmental conditions
HEAT
Uncontrollable reactions/interaction of a container and its content is whay energy
Chemical energy
’’ reaction could result in the following:
Sudden, long-term deterioration
Excessive heat and pressure causing deterioration of container
Corrosives between the hazards material and the container material
Interior of a container may experience chemical stress with no visible indication from exterior p. 159
Chemical
Physical application of energy could result in container/attachment damage
Mechanical energy
Change the shape of the contain
Reduced the thickness of the
Crack or produce
Fasten or disengage valves and piping or penetrate the container wall is what stress?? ‘’’ stress
Mechanical stress
Cause of mechanical stress include
Collision, impact or internal over pressure
When evaluating container consider the following
Type of container
Product in the container
Type amount of stress
Potential duration of stress p 160
Containers holding gases are inherently subjected to
Stress p. 161
When a container is stressed beyond, that’s what it opens or breaches and releases his contents
Limits of recovery
What occurs in container that are made of brittle materials. The container substains a general loss of integrity. example includes a glass bottle shattering or grenade exploding
disintegration
Break deck contains into two or more relatively large pieces or a large tears
Runaway crack
May fail open or break off on subject to stress leading to total failure of a container
Attachment open or break
Occurs when foreign objects penetrate through the container
Puncture
Container may also breach through a split such as a Weld seam on the tank or when the drum fails
Split or tear p. 162
Instantaneous and explosive release of stored chemical energy of a hazardous material
Detonation
Immediate release of chemical or mechanical energy caused by a runaway crash occurs within a timeframe of one second or less a BLEVE would be an example of this
Violent rupture
That of pressurized hazardous material through properly operating safety devices, this action may occur in a period being several seconds to several minutes expect to see damage valves/piping
Rapid relief
Slow release of hazards materials through holes, rips, tears or unusual opening/attachments
Spill/leak p. 163
Dispersion of a material is sometimes referred to as
Engulfment
Common dispersion patterns include:
H
C
P
C
S
P
I
Hemispheric
cloud
plume ( puffer release/ongoing release)
Cone
Stream
Pool
Irregular
Semi circle or dome shaped pattern of airborne hazardous material that is still partially in contact with the ground or water. Generally results from a rapid release of energy.
hemisphere
The following elements are common to ‘’’ release:
Energy - generally travels a word in all directions
Dispersion of energy- affected by terrain cloud cover
Release-may propel the hazards material and container parts
hemispheric
Ball shaped pattern of airborne has its materials that collectively rise above the ground or water.
Cloud
Terrain/ wind effects can transform a cloud into a
Plume
Irregular shaped pattern of airborne hazardous materials where wind and topography influence the downrange course from the point of release
Plume
Other plume dispersion elements include:
PR
OR
Puff release- all the material at one time
Ongoing release- concentration increases overtime until the leak stops then decreases
Triangle pattern with a source breach and a wide base down range.. Solids, liquids or gas materials and three dimension’’ shapes
cone
Surface following patterns of liquid hazardous materials that is affected by gravity topographical contours.
Stream
Three dimension, slow flowing liquid dispersion, liquid, assumes the shape of their container and pools and low areas
Pool
Irregular indiscriminate deposit of hazardous materials
Irregular p. 165
Consider the following exposures and hazards and risk assessment
People, environment, property
Contact impingements are associated with the following general timeframe:
Immediate :
Short term :
medium Term :
Long Term:
Immediate- milliseconds -seconds( deflagration, explosion, or detonation).
Short term- minute - hours( gas or vaper clouds)
Medium term-days, weeks, months( lingering pesticides)
Long-term- years, generations( permanent radioactive soure)
When first responders collect information about physical and chemical properties of release hazardous materials, they can
Determine the present hazmat
Predict the incident may progress
Estimate potential harm .168
To identify endangered areas personal must gather and correctly interpret information including the following
Size, shape, exposures, and physical health and safety hazards p. 170
4 ‘’’’ communication services listed for the
US CHEMTREC
CHEMTEL INC
INFTRAC
Verisk 3 E p. 171 chapter 5
emergency response
In certain ‘’’’’ documentation the AHJ may have additional documents and or reports for completion certain reports, depending on the incident or other factors may require additional documents, including:
NFIRS
Dept specific IAP
Site safety plans
NIMS reports such as I ICS208HM
After action reports
Exposure reports
Patient care reports
post incident
The __________ the temperature of a substance, the __________ its vapor pressure will be. (p. 132)
HIGHER /HIGHER
What do the following materials have in common: hydrogen, hydrogen cyanide, methane, nitrogen, helium, hydrogen fluoride, neon, carbon monoxide, and ammonia? (p. 135)
Vapor densities lighter than or equal to air
Which hazard results in a medium-term impingement? (p. 168)
LINGERING PESTICIDES
