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Hazmat > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

Identifying potential hazards

1
Q

Operations level are part of the initial defense response to protect what

A

Life the environment and property

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2
Q

Applying white process is the first
responsibility of operations level responder to analyze an incident

A

APIE-T

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3
Q

APIE-T STANDS FOR

A

analyze, Plan, implement, evaluate p. 125

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4
Q

What are characteristics of a material that do not involve the chemistry or chemical nature of the material?

A

Physical properties

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5
Q

Materials can be categorized by the following characteristics:
State of ‘’
‘’ point/’’ point/sublimation
Vapor ‘’
Boiling ‘’
Specific ‘’
Vapor ‘’
Molecular ‘’
Particle ‘’,
‘’ , and viscosity
‘’ and order
‘’ solubility/miscibility

A

State of matter
Melting point/freezing point/sublimation
Vapor pressure
Boiling point
Specific gravity
Vapor density
Molecular weight
Particle size,
persistence, and viscosity
appearance and order
Water solubility/miscibility

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6
Q

Matter exists in three states, which are they

A

Gas liquid and solid. n126

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7
Q

Incident involving what are potentially the most dangerous for responders

A

gas

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8
Q

Gaseous material have many variables and hazard such as:

A

May have an order(chlorine)
May be colorless, odorless, tasteless
Maybe separate or in any combo of toxic, corrosive or flammable
May have high pressure
Maybe extremely cold

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9
Q

Depending on ventilation other factors, the gas may spread

A

Throughout the building
Two other buildings
Through access shaft
Into the soil
Into the street p. 127

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10
Q

What are difficult if not impossible to contain for mitigation purpose

A

Gases

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11
Q

What gases expand rapidly when released potentially threatening large areas

A

Compressed gas and liquefied gas

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12
Q

What don’t typically travel as far as gases unless they spill into a path or channel that transport liquid quickly and efficiently

A

Liquids p. 128

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13
Q

What from liquids may travel much like gas, although typically not as far from the source, and they may be much more difficult to detect than liquid itself

A

Vapors

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14
Q

Vapors from liquids may be

A

Contact hazards
inhalation hazard
Flammable
Corrosive
Toxic

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15
Q

What are least mobile of the three states of matter

A

Solid

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16
Q

Solid will typically remain in place unless back up upon by external forces, such as

A

Wind, water, and gravity

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17
Q

What is the unit measured typically used to express particle size?

A

Micrometer

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18
Q

Solids may have the following dangers, including

A

inhalation or contact hazard
Small combustible particles that ignited may explode
Entrapment hazards in the form of loose solids confined to large containers
Flammable, reactive, radioactive, corrosive, and toxic p. 129

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19
Q

What does it mean to directly change from a solid to a gas?

A

sublimate

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20
Q

What materials present the same hazards and concerns as liquids that emit vapor

A

sublimate

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21
Q

What is a solid particle that is formed or generated from a solid organic organic material by reducing its size to mechanical processes, such as crushing grinding drilling

A

Dust

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22
Q

What is suspicion of particles that form material from a vapor state solid condenses and cold air?(Smoke like particles resulting from condensation)

A

Fumes

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23
Q

what are Finely divided liquid suspended in the atmosphere.

A

Mist

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24
Q

Form of pressurized characterized by highly respirable , min liquid or solid particles. As a high speed of travel

A

aerosol

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25
Q

What are solid particles whose length is several times greater than its diameter?

A

Fiber

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26
Q

Gaseous form of a material that is normally in a solid or liquid state at room, temperature and pressure, formed by evaporation from liquid or sublimation from a solid

A

vapor

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27
Q

Visible aerosol of a liquid formed by condensation( smaller droplet size than mist)

A

Fog p. 130

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28
Q

What are the six different processes involved in physical change?

A

Melting, freezing evaporation, condensation, sublimation deposition

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29
Q

The temperature at which a solid substance is changed to a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure is

A

Melting

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30
Q

The temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid at normal atmospheric pressure

A

Freezing

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31
Q

The process by liquid becomes normal atmospheric pressure

A

Vaporization

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32
Q

The process of vapor and air changed into a liquid

A

Condensation

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33
Q

Change directly from four solid into a gas without going into a liquid state in between

A

sublimation
1

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34
Q

Change directly from my vapor to Solid without going into a liquid state in between

A

Deposition

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35
Q

What is the force per unit of area applied perpendicular to surface?

A

Pressure

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36
Q

What is the baseline measurement for pressure?

A

Atmospheric pressure. p.131

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37
Q

Gas is always moved from areas of higher pressure to areas of

A

Lower pressure

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38
Q

What is the pressure exerted by standard be above its own liquid in a close container( pressure produced, or exerted by vapor released by a liquid)

A

Pressure

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39
Q

Materials with a vapor pressures over ‘’ will be gases under normal conditions

A

760mmhg

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40
Q

Vapor pressure measurements are based on standard temperatures of what

A

68° at one atmosphere

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41
Q

A vapor pressure near 760 means the material will what

A

Evaporate

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42
Q

The higher the temperature of a substance the higher, what will be

A

vapor pressure

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43
Q

The lower the boiling point of a material, the what its vapor pressure will be

A

higher p. 132

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44
Q

What is the temperature at which liquids change to gas pressure?

A

Boiling point

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45
Q

Responding liquid low boiling points are especially hazardous because they turn into gas at what temperatures

A

Ambient

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46
Q

What can occur when a liquid within containers causing material inside to boil vaporize

A

BLEVE

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47
Q

What most commonly occurs in flames contacted tank shell above the liquid level or when insufficient waters apply to keep a tank show cool

A

BLEVE p. 133

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48
Q

What is the ratio of density of a material to the density of a standard material usually an equal volume of water at a standard condition of pressure and temperature?

A

Specific gravity

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49
Q

Materials with specific gravities less than what Will what in water, materials with Pacific gravity greater than what will what in water?

A

1, float
1, sink

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50
Q

Most flammable liquids have specific gravities less than

A

One and will float on water

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51
Q

What is used to determine vapor density?

A

Molecular weight

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52
Q

Air has a molecule weight of

A

29g

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53
Q

What is the molecular weight of a given material divided by the weight of air

A

Vapor density

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54
Q

Materials with molecule weight and less than what will be the lighter than air and a weight greater than what will be heavier than air

A

29

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55
Q

Examples of materials with vapor densities less than 1 include

A

Helium, neon, acetylene hydrogen p. 135

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56
Q

Most gas have vapor densities greater than

A

One they will sink in relation to ambient air and will display auction at low levels

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57
Q

Common materials with densities greater than air

A

Butane, chlorine, ethanol, hydrogen, sulfide, propane, sulfur dioxide

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58
Q

Hot vapors will what but unless totally dispersed they will sink once they have cold

A

Rise

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59
Q

Cold vapors are dense and will Stay low, but will rise as they ?

A

warm

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60
Q

The what of a Chemical is its ability to remain in the environment when unconfined

A

Persistence

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61
Q

What is related to vapor pressure and boiling point

A

Persist

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62
Q

What is the measure of the thickness or flowability of liquid at a given temperature?

A

viscosity

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63
Q

Usually, the hottter a liquid, the thinner or more what it becomes

A

Fluid

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64
Q

The cooler a liquid, the thicker or less it ‘’’ it becomes.

A

Fluid

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65
Q

Example of materials with difference in this viscous are

A

Acetone, water, oil, honey p. 135

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66
Q

What is the process of injecting an odor into a compost gas so that it is detected by smell?

A

Odorization

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67
Q

The smell of natural gas is what

A

mercaptan p. 137

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68
Q

Never use odor to determine what

A

Safe or unsafe areas

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69
Q

What in water expresses the percent of a material that will dissolve in a quantity of water at ambient temperatures

A

solubility

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70
Q

Examples of hydrocarbons

A

Gasoline, diesel ,fuel ,pentane

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71
Q

Examples of polar solvent

A

Alcohol, methanol, M. EK

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72
Q

What kind of chemicals will penetrate into the lower respiratory system and cause delayed 12 to 24 hour symptoms that include breathing difficulties, pulmonary edema and coughing up blood

A

Water soluble chemicals

73
Q

What describes the ability of two or more gases or liquids to mix with or to dissolve into each other

A

Misciability

74
Q

Materials that do not readily dissolve into each other are considered

A

immiscible( examples, water, and fuel oil)

75
Q

A chemical what of a substance describes its relative ability to undergo a chemical react with itself or another material

A

Reactivity

76
Q

What materials commonly react, vigorously or violently with air, water, heat, light, each other or other materials

A

Reactive materials

77
Q

4 elements necessary to produce combustion

A

Oxygen, fuel, heat in a chemical chain reaction

78
Q

Reactivity triangle consists of

A

Oxidizing agent( oxygen) , reducing Agent( fuel) and and activation energy source( heat)p. 139

79
Q

’’ are materials that are added to products that easily polymerize in order to control or prevent an undesired reaction

A

inhibitors

80
Q

What increase the needed activation energy

A

Inhibitors p. 142

81
Q

Corrosives are commonly divided to 2 broad categories, which are

A

Acids and base

82
Q

The corrosivity of acid and bases as often measured or expressed in the terms of

A

PH
(hydrogen)

83
Q

The PH scale ranges from 0-“” . Out of that what is neutral, neither acid or a base ?

A

0-14, 7

84
Q

What have pH values of 0 to 6.9 in may cause severe chemical burns to flush and permanent eye damage

A

Acids

85
Q

What have pH values of 7.1 to 14, breakdown, fatty tissues, and penetrate deeply into the body. often cause more eye damage than acids due to the longer duration of exposure

A

bases

86
Q

The common sign of exposure to a base is

A

Greasy or slick feeling of the skin which can be caused by breakdown of fatty tissues Caused by saponification ( breakdown of fatty tissues) p. 143

87
Q

What is the amount of acid or base mixed with water most commonly measured in percentages.

A

Concentration

88
Q

What is the minimum temperature which a liquid or volatile solid gives off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near surface?

A

Flashpoint

89
Q

What is the temperature at which a liquid or volatile substance gives off Enough Vapors to Form and ignitable mixture with air near its surface

A

Flashpoint

90
Q

A liquid volatile solid that produces the vapor does not

A

Burn

91
Q

Flammable gases have extremely low ‘’ so they considered flammable at all times

A

Flashpoints p . 144

92
Q

The weight of a substance is the minimum temperature to which the fuel in air must be heated to self sustain combustion without initiation from an independent ignition source

A

Auto ignition temperature

93
Q

What is the point of which a fuel spontaneously ignites?

A

Ignition temperature

94
Q

Auto ignition temperature of gasoline is

A

536 f

95
Q

The flashpoint of gasoline is

A

-45f

96
Q

The weight of a vapor or gas is the lowest concentration that will burn when an ignition source is presented

A

Lower, explosive limit or lower flammable limit p. 146

97
Q

If LeL/UeL vapor gas is in confinement. The result might be an

A

Explosion

98
Q

If LeL/UeL vapor gas is not in confinement the results may be

A

Fireball p. 147

99
Q

The least energetic form of radiation is such as visible light, microwaves and radio waves

A

Non-ionizing radiation

100
Q

The most energetic and hazards former radiation is

A

Ionizing radiation

101
Q

Ionizing radiation is divided into four types which are

A

Alpha, Beta, gamma, and neutron

102
Q

What is energetic, positively charged particle that emitted from a nucleus during a radioactive decay and rapidly loses energy when passing through materials. Does not travel far in open air.

A

Alpha

103
Q

What particles do not penetrate deeply and can usually completely be blocked by outer layer of human skin and is not hazardous to the outside of the body can be stopped by a sheet of paper

A

Alpha

104
Q

Alpha Particle can be very harmful if

A

Ingested or inhaled p. 148

105
Q

What are fast moving, positively charged?positron or negatively charged electrons that are admitted from the atoms nucleus during radioactive decay. Humans are exposed to these particles from manufactured and natural sources such as tritium , carbon – 14, strontium-90

A

Beta

106
Q

What particle is penetrate further than alpha particles, but can cause less damage over equal travel distance, capable, penetrating the skin and causing radiation damage. Can be stopped by a layer of clothes, a thin sheet of metal or thick plexiglass.

A

beta p. 149

107
Q

What rays are high energy photons?

A

gamma rays

108
Q

What type of radiation can easily pass completely through the human body and be absorbed by tissue it constitutes a whole body hazard

A

gamma

109
Q

Material such as what can be useful as a shield against gamma radiation

A

Concrete, earth and lead

110
Q

Structural firefighting, protective clothes provide no protection against

A

Gamma

111
Q

X-rays and gamma rays are highly energized, electromagnetic radiation, referred to as

A

Photons

112
Q

X-rays and photons are

A

The same

113
Q

What are particles that have a physical mass but have no electrical charge highly penetrating

A

Neutrons

114
Q

Shielding from neutron radiation requires materials with high amounts of what

A

Hydrogen such as oil, water, and concrete p. 150

115
Q

Radioactive contamination occurs when radioactive materials is deposited on what

A

Surface, skin, clothing, or any place where it is not desired

116
Q

The effects of ionizing radiation occur at what level

A

Cellular

117
Q

Exposure to radiation received in short periods of time is considered what versus small amount of radiation received or long periods of time

A

Acute versus chronic p. 151

118
Q

Regarding radioactive material, one basic protection strategy uses what

A

Time distance and shielding

119
Q

Using time distance and shielding to limit exposure to radiation is sometimes referred to as

A

As low as reasonably achievable method or principle ALARA)

120
Q

The degree to which a substance causes harm with a body is called its

A

Toxicity p. 153

121
Q

What causes temporary, sometimes severe inflammation to the eye skin or respiratory systems

A

Irritants

122
Q

What causes involuntary muscle contractions can kill the victim asphyxiates or succumbs to exhaustion while convulsing

A

Convulsants

123
Q

What causes an overreaction of the immune system?

A

Allergens p. 155

124
Q

Smoke is an aerosol comprised of

A

Gases, vapor and solid particles p. 156

125
Q

What is a chemical asphyxiant that is a byproduct of an incomplete combustion of organic materials. Most common product of combustion encountered and structure fires

A

Carbon monoxide

126
Q

What is a product of complete combustion of organic materials it acts as a simple Asphyxiant by displacing Oxygen, also increases respiratory rate.

A

Carbon dioxide

127
Q

What are organic substances and microorganisms that oppose a threat to the health of humans and other living organisms?

A

Biological hazards

128
Q

What are organisms or inanimate objects that spread infection by transmitting pathogens into living organisms.. some examples

A

Vectors :
examples are mosquitoes ,ticks, needles, bloody bandages

129
Q

What are the simplest types of microorganisms that can only replicate themselves and living cells of their host?

A

Viruses

130
Q

What are microscopic, single celled organisms may cause disease and peoples they’re invading the tissue or producing toxins

A

Bacteria

131
Q

Are produced by living organisms, usually not harmful to people

A

Biological toxins

132
Q

Biological hazards, cause disease they considered

A

etiological hazards

133
Q

What diseases are caused by reproduction and spread of microorganisms in the body?

A

Infectious diseases

134
Q

Another word for microorganism

A

Pathogens p. 157

135
Q

Examples of diseases associated with biological hazards or threats

A

Diarrhea disease
Influenza
Measles

136
Q

Examples of potential biological weapons include

A

Anthrax(bacterial)
botulism
smallpox( virus)

137
Q

The general hazardous material behavior model, often referred to as

A

General emergency behavior model(GEBMO)

138
Q

GEBMO is based on ludwig banner jr definition of ?

A

Hazardous materials

139
Q

GEBMO model assumes a hazard material incidents have the following common elements:

Materials presenting hazards to x3
Containers that have’’ or have potential
to ‘’
potential exposure to x3

A

Materials presenting hazards to people, the environment or property
Containers that have failed or have potential
Exposure or potential exposure to people environment, and property

140
Q

The common sequence of hazmat incidents:
S
B
R
D/E
E/C
H

A

Stress, breach, release, disperse/engulf, exposure/contact, harm p. 158

141
Q

What are the seven mechanisms of harm?

A

Thermal, radiological, asphyxiating, chemical, ethological/biological, mechanical and psychological

142
Q

Container stress is caused by what

A

Thermal, chemical, mechanical energy

143
Q

Excessive heat or cold, could cause an intolerable expansion, contraction, weakness, or consumption of the container and its parts

A

Thermal energy

144
Q

The container undergoing excessive heat may be

A

Extremely close to flame
Undergoing the operation of a relief valve
Making noise of expansion or contract
Subject to changing environmental conditions

145
Q

Uncontrollable reactions/interaction of a container and its content

A

Chemical energy

146
Q

Chemical reaction could result in the following

A

Sudden, long-term deterioration

Excessive heat and pressure causing deterioration of container

Corrosives between the hazards material and the container material

Interior of a container may experience chemical stress with no visible indication from exterior p. 159

147
Q

Physical application of energy could result in container/attachment damage

A

Mechanical energy

148
Q

Mechanical stress

A

Change the shape of the contain
Reduced the thickness of the
Crack or produce
Fasten or disengage valves and piping or penetrate the container wall

149
Q

Cause of mechanical stress include

A

Collision, impact or internal over pressure

150
Q

When evaluating container consider the following

A

Type of container
Product in the container
Type amount of stress
Potential duration of stress p 160

151
Q

Containers holding gases are inherently subjected to

A

Stress p. 161

152
Q

When a container is stressed beyond, that’s what it opens or breaches and releases his contents

A

Limits of recovery

153
Q

What occurs in container that are made of brittle materials. The container substains a general loss of integrity. example includes a glass bottle shattering or grenade exploding

A

disintegration

154
Q

Break deck contains into two or more relatively large pieces or a large tears

A

Runaway crack

155
Q

May fail open or break off on subject to stress leading to total failure of a container

A

Attachment open or break

156
Q

Occurs when foreign objects penetrate through the container

A

Puncture

157
Q

Container may also breach through a split such as a Weld seam on the tank or when the drum fails

A

Split or tear p. 162

158
Q

Instantaneous and explosive release of stored chemical energy of a hazardous material

A

Detonation

159
Q

Immediate release of chemical or mechanical energy caused by a runaway crash occurs within a timeframe of one second or less a BLEVE would be an example of this

A

Violent rupture

160
Q

That of pressurized hazardous material through properly operating safety devices, this action may occur in a period being several seconds to several minutes expect to see damage valves/piping

A

Rapid relief

161
Q

Slow release of hazards materials through holes, rips, tears or unusual opening/attachments

A

Spill/leak p. 163

162
Q

Dispersion of a material is sometimes referred to as

A

Engulfment

163
Q

Common dispersion patterns include

A

Hemispheric
cloud
plume ( puffer release/ongoing release)
Cone
Stream
Pool
Irregular

164
Q

Semi circle or dome shaped pattern of airborne hazardous material that is still partially in contact with the ground or water. Generally results from a rapid release of energy.

A

hemisphere

165
Q

The following elements are common to hemispheric release: x3

A

Energy - generally travels a word in all directions

Dispersion of energy- affected by terrain cloud cover

Release-may propel the hazards material and container parts

166
Q

Ball shaped pattern of airborne has its materials that collectively rise above the ground or water.

A

Cloud

167
Q

Terrain/ wind effects can transform a cloud into a

A

Plume

168
Q

Irregular shaped pattern of airborne hazardous materials where wind and topography influence the downrange course from the point of release

A

Plume

169
Q

Other plume dispersion elements include

A

Puff release- all the material at one time
Ongoing release- concentration increases overtime until the leak stops then decreases

170
Q

Triangle pattern with a source breach and a wide base down range.. Solids, liquids or gas materials and three dimension’’ shapes

A

cone

171
Q

Surface following patterns of liquid hazardous materials that is affected by gravity topographical contours.

A

Stream

172
Q

Three dimension, slow flowing liquid dispersion, liquid, assumes the shape of their container and pools and low areas

A

Pool

173
Q

Irregular indiscriminate deposit of hazardous materials

A

Irregular p. 165

174
Q

Consider the following exposures and hazards and risk assessment

A

People, environment, property

175
Q

Contact impingements are associated with the following general timeframe:

A

Immediate- milliseconds -seconds
Short term- minute - hours
Medium term-days, weeks, months
Long-term- years, generations( permanent radioactive soure)

176
Q

When first responders collect information about physical and chemical properties of release hazardous materials, they can

A

Determine the present ha ha
Predict the incident may progress
Estimate potential harm .168

177
Q

To identify endangered areas personal must gather and correctly interpret information including the following

A

Size, shape, exposures, and physical health and safety hazards p. 170

178
Q

For emergency response communication services listed for the US

A

CHEMTREC
CHEMTEL INC
INFTRAC
Verisk 3 E p. 171 chapter 5

Hazmat (10 decks)

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