Chapter 12 Flashcards by Riccardo Caruso

Reliable measurements of ‘’’ are necessary for :
Choosing appropriate containment methods

Assessing the potential health effects

Determining need for specific medical monitoring

Selecting appropriate PPE/respirator

Selecting appropriate decontamination methods

contaminants

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Two terms of measurement commonly qualify the concentrations of a substance in the atmosphere or any solution they are:
PPM
PBV

Parts per million
Percentage by volume

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The term ‘’ is usually used to express extremely low concentrations

Parts per billion p. 458

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’’’ hazards generally fall into the following categories x3
Oxygen enrichment or deficiency

Flammability ( percentage of flammable gas in the air)

Toxicity ( measured in parts per million of toxic gas)

Atmospheric

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Norma air is composed of approximately:

Oxygen-
Nitrogen
Miscellaneous gases

20.9%

78.1%

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Atmosphere containing less than 19.5% oxygen is considered a LOOK UP

Oxygen deficient atmosphere

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An atmosphere containing greater than 23.5% oxygen is considered

Oxygen enriched atmosphere p. 459

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An oxygen enrich atmosphere greatly increases. What of any fuel within the space

Flammability or explosive potential

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For combustibility to occur after a fuel converts into a gasous state the fuel must mix with ?

Mix with air(oxidizer) in the proper ratio

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LFL is the minimum concentration of ‘’ and’’ that supports combustion. Concentrations below LFL I said to be. ?

Fuel vapor/ air

To lean to burn

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UFL is the concentration above which combustion ‘’’ concentrations above, the UFL are said to be ?

Cannot take place

Too rich to burn

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According to WISER methane, flammable range is approximately

5-14 %

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5% by volume methane equals

100% LEl, 5% methane is 100% of the flammable concentration p. 460

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Most portable gas detectors will alarm at ‘’ of LEL

10%

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100 % LEL =
10 % LEL =
1% LEL =

5 %
0.5 %
0.05%

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The ‘’ of a substance is the potential of that substance to cause harm, and is only one factor and determining whether it hazard exists

Toxicity p461

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a Typical 4 gas detector detects what ?
L
O
CM
HS

LEL
Oxygen
Carbon monoxide
Hydrogen sulfide

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If the oxygen is too low, what sensor will not work properly?

LEL

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Toxic compounds primarily work as a function of the dose and the concentration of the compound, this principal termed ‘’’ is a key concept and toxicology

Dose – response relationship

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What is the most common byproduct of incomplete combustion?

Carbon monoxide p. 462

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Poisons and the measurement of toxicity are often expressed on safety data sheets in terms of ‘’’ for Amounts ingested, or absorbed and ‘’’’ for amount inhaled ?

Lethal dose
Lethal concentration

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As a general rule, the smaller the value regarding lethal dose/lethal concentration, the more what ‘’’ the substances

Toxic

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What indicates the minimum amount of solid or liquid that when ingested, absorbed or injected through the skin will cause death

Lethal dose

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Sometimes the lethal dose gets expressed with a percentage, such as LD 50 ( most common) or LD 100 what does the number refer to

The percentage of test subjects that died at that dose

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What units are often qualified Lethal Dose measured in: GPK MPK

Grams per kilogram Milligrams per kilogram

What indicates the lowest administered dose of a material capable of causing death?

Lethal dose low

What indicates the minimum concentration regardless of independent of body weight of an inhaled substance that will kill the test group?( 1-4 hours )

Lethal concentration

What indicates concentration at the list value killed half of the test group units ''' often measured in '' x2

Median lethal concentration Parts per million Milligrams per cubic meter p. 464

What indicates the lowest concentration of gas or vapor capable of killing a specific species over a specific time?

Lethal concentration low or lcl

What for an organism indicates the dose of a chemical or substance required to incapacitate that organism

Incapacitating dose

Incapacitating varies from ?

Moderate( unable to see difficulty breathing) Severe( convulsing)

Categories of incapacity doses include

ID 50 - ID 10

What's serves as a average exposure to any hazardous gas in the workplace based on an eight hour workday or 40 hour work week it is the maximum exposure without experiencing significant adverse health effects

Time weighted average TWA

What is a allowable average exposure over a short period of time typically 15 minutes that should not be exceed more than four times in a day STEL

Short term exposure limit STEL

What is defined by OSHA as the maximum concentration, healthy adults can be exposed to over a 40 hour work week without adverse effects based on workday:

Permissible exposure limits PEL

What is defined as NIOSH as TWA for up to a 10 hour workday during a 40 hour week:

Recommended exposure limit REL

what Condition poses an immediate hazard to health respiratory, protection is required

Immediate danger to life or health IDLH

D, M, S '' assist in the following mitigation tasks: Identifying hazard Determining perimeter and scope of the incident Determining PPE tools and equipment Check the effectiveness of defense operations In the effectiveness of Decon ops Detect leaks from containers or piping systems Monitors the contamination levels of Decon or runoff p. 465-6

Detection, monitoring and sampling

As a responder, remember that most gases '''

Sink and display air while only a few rise p. 466

The knowledge skill and ability of individuals using the instrument determines it's

Effectiveness p. 467

Reason they detector may not provide a usable result in an environment include: IU BT NR C LB T/H

Incorrect use Below detection of threshold No instrument response Calibration Low battery Temperature and humidity

When responding to an unidentified material. Take a risk base response approach and attempting to identify and characterize the hazard present this includes for:; C ER F O OL R TM

Corrosion Exothermic reactions Flammables Oxidizers Oxygen levels Radiation Toxic materials

Pay particular attention to low lying areas such as '''' vapors and gases will likely concentrate

Confined spaces and containers p. 469

Personnel should document monitoring, detections, and sampling results which include: T L # IU

Time of the reading Location and level of the reading Reading obtain Instrument used

What is a threshold measurement that triggers an action established by AHJ.. often maybe set by OSHA PEL

Action levels

When an ''' or action point is reached, it may trigger what: Removal of unprotected or unnecessary personeel Additional monitoring Alteration or adjustment of PPE Total evacuation p. 470

action level

Hazardoussolids will usually not travel far unless ? Responders will typically be protected using what ?''

Blown by wind or dispersed by explosion.. Firefighter protective equipment with SCBA OR NFPA CLASS 3 (OSHA/EPA level B) PPE

Hazardous ''' may vaporize and expand rap, potentially travel, great distances and fill low level and confines spaces. responders at these incidents may need to down the highest respiratory and chemical protection equipment before engaging.... WHAT CLASS PPE ''''''

Liquids NFPA class 2 PPE ( OSHA/EPA level B)

What can damage and penetrate firefighter protective clothing, and SCB and kill quickly if inhaled ?

Corrosive gases

At Gas release responders should operate with extreme caution and wear what class of NFPa/EPA ppe ?

NFPA class 1 PPE //EPA level a

NFPA class one PPE provides what against fire

Very little protection

When determining what '' is used for detection and monitoring operations responder should consider the following: Mission of operation Subjected hazard involved Instrument reaction Sensitivity and select Interference Training p. 471

Equipment

Considering other factors that may reduce ''', reliability include: The amount of processing time during each use Effective elements( moisture temperature atmosphere) may have the instrument

instruments

Most instruments need wide before each use per AHJ ?

Calibration

What TESTS X2 ensures sensor's function Appropriately for alarms and other functions, but it does not test accuracy of the sensor,

Field test or bump test

what is Resetting the memory of an instrument to read normal baseline levels and fresh air

Zero

Avoid '' the instrument in locations with potential containment

Zeroing p. 472 right

What measures the amount of flammable vapors and gases in the atmosphere?

LEL sensor, also known as a combustible gas indicator

Typically devices will sound an alarm at '' of the LEL

10%

LeL sensor is calibrated to a specific flammable gas commonly: M P P H

Methane Pentane Propane Hexane p.477

Factors that influence '' sensors include: Catalyst Poison Concentration exceeding 100% of LEL Concentrations exceeding the upper explosive limit Chlorinated hydrocarbons Oxygen acetylene mixtures

LEL

'' of LEL sensors include: Battery power decreasing Extremely cold weather Cell phones, magnetic fields, high voltage, lines, radio, and static electricity may interfere with readings Too little or too much oxygen

Limitations

it's important to determine if any release material access and oxidizer different types of oxidizers may required different types of detections responders may use ''' that include a reagent to detect organic peroxides..

Oxidizer paper strips

Organic peroxides can ignite '' in certain materials and they are components of '' ?

Explosive polymerization Homemade explosives

Examples of ''' are triacetone triperozides TATP hexamethylene diamine HMTD p. 478

homemade explosives

One limitation of test strips is

The responder must be close to material in order to use them

One percent drop in oxygen is equivalent to'''ppm of something else in air

50,000 ppm p. 479

Chapter 12 Flashcards

Detection monitoring and sampling (67 cards)