Chapter 4

Question 1

What is the Scientific Method?

Answer 1

The process of which scientists have used since the 17 hundreds consisting of predictions/hypothesis, experimenting, conclusion, etc.

Question 2

What is a scribe?

Answer 2

A person who writes something down word for word on a sheet of paper, likely writing what someone is speaking. Takes months or years to finish a book, basically a human copier.

Question 3

Why was Galileo brought before a jury of church Cardinals and what did they order him to do?

Answer 3

For publishing a book that went against church teaching- which suggested that the sun was at the center of the universe, not the Earth.

Question 4

Which worldview icons did Galileo’s knowledge conflict with?

Answer 4

The church, Christianity.

Question 5

What types of things would you learn about if you read books written by scholars from Classical and Islamic civilizations?

Answer 5

Astronomy, physics, and biology.

Question 6

What discoveries did Nicolaus Copernicus make?

Answer 6

Earth revolves around the sun, not the other way around.

Question 7

What discoveries did Johannes Kepler make?

Answer 7

Suggested that planets move in an elliptical orbit, not round.

Question 8

What discoveries did Galileo make?

Answer 8

• Confirmed that the earth orbits the sun

                        * Saw craters, sunspots and mountains on moon

• saw the milky way and confirmed that Jupiter had moons.

Question 9

Define astrologia.

Answer 9

Greek for ‘telling of the stars’.

Question 10

What were Andreas Vesalius lectures known for?

Answer 10

He dissected bodies in front of his students to teach them anatomy, eventually making a book with accurate drawing of the human body.

Question 11

Why was mathematics important in Renaissance Europe?

Answer 11

Mathematics were believed to be the basic tool for understanding the universe.

Question 12

Why was Filippo Brunelleschi an important Renaissance architect?

Answer 12

He rediscovered perspective in buildings.

Question 13

Who was known as “the first lady of the world”? Why was she known as this?

Answer 13

Isabella D’este; she ruled the state of Mantua in her husband’s absence, as he went off on military expeditions frequently and got captured in 1418 and was returned in 1421. She enjoyed the political life and was a much more assertive leader than Fransesco ever was.

Question 14

Who wrote the book, “The Prince”? What is it about?

Answer 14

Machievelli wrote The Prince, which speaks about governing and leadership.

Question 15

What was one conclusion Machiavelli drew from observing people?

Answer 15

That men are liars and fringers who only seek personal gain and greed while staying fearful of danger.

Question 16

What are the two main “Machiavellian” ideas?

Answer 16

• He said that a leader of a state can do anything as long as it is good for the state as a whole; no differentiation between ideas of right and wrong.
• The state was believed to be the creator of humans; humans made themselves, not god. Do it for yourself, do not always rely on god. The lion is powerful and the fox is wit.

Question 17

During the Renaissance, some people became disappointed with their religious leaders. What were 3 of the reasons why?

Answer 17

• Took advantage of their authority to gain wealth and power
• Some catholic officials ‘bought’ their titles
• Believed that the church ruled and should control the politics, business and religious matters.

Question 18

In 1497, what did the citizens of Florence build? What was destroyed and why?

Answer 18

They built the bonfire of vanities, which was exactly what its name suggests; the burning of wigs, makeup, arts, and books. This phenomenon occurred because of Savonarola, who claimed that the items directed attention and focus away from god and more towards greed.

Question 19

What did Martin Luther believe should be a Christian’s spiritual guide? Why was he critical of
the Church?

Answer 19

He believed that the bible should be a christians spiritual guide, not the church. He believed this because the church used indulgences, which allowed a sinner’s punishment to be reduced in length. On what we now call Halloween, Martin nailed his 95 theses of how the church was corrupted to a church door.