Chapter 4

Question 1

Bard

Answer 1

poet-singer in Celtic
lands, accompanied
themselves on string
instrument

Question 2

Comtessa Beatriz de Dia

Answer 2

A Trobairitz (woman troubadour)
* Only song to survive with music, “A chanter”
(NAWM 9)

Question 3

Bernart de Ventadorn

Answer 3

Most important Troubadour. Lots of surviving works. His work “Can vei la lauzeta mover” has lots of variation in accompaniment

Question 4

Cantigas

Answer 4

Secular songs in Spanish or Portuguese, esp. the Cantigas de
Santa Maria, collection of over 400 songs in Galician-
Portuguese to honor the Virgin Mary
* Most songs about miracles
* Typical structure: refrain A with verses bba
* Non sofre Santa María (NAWM 12)
Ex. pork chop song

Question 5

Chansonnier

Answer 5

A manuscript containing troubadour and trouvere poems and music. Many works preserved in these.

Question 6

Courtly Love

Answer 6

A common topic of troubadour songs. Refined love, idealizing a real, but
unattainable, woman of noble birth
* Adored from a distance with
discretion and respect

Question 7

Goliard Songs

Answer 7

Goliards are wandering students or clerics
* Religious and moral themes, satire, celebration of
earthly pleasures
* Address an educated audience
* Preserved in some manuscript collections

Question 8

Jongleur

Answer 8

lower-class
travelling musician; like a
busker or circus performer

Question 9

Lauda

Answer 9

Secular songs in Italian: devotional songs for cities, in religious
processions, prayer gatherings

Question 10

Minnelieder

Answer 10

Minnelieder: secular songs sung by knightly poet-musicians
(Minnesingers) in Middle High German

Question 11

Minstrel

Answer 11

A professional musician employed by the city

Question 12

Troubadours

Answer 12

(southern france: langue d’oc) poet-composers: worked in courts and cities
* Works often performed by jongleurs or minstrels
* lots of manuscript sources preserved
retrospectively in chansonniers, some only have
text (refined, poetic, usually strophic)

Question 13

Trouvères

Answer 13

(northern: langue d’oïl) same as troubadours but from the north. poet-composers: worked in courts and cities
* Works often performed by jongleurs or minstrels
* lots of manuscript sources preserved
retrospectively in chansonniers, some only have
text (refined, poetic, usually strophic)

Question 14

Vernacular

Answer 14

Language spoken by ordinary people. Music of nonliterate people is not preserved, but
we assume there were work songs, dance
songs, lullabies, laments, etc.
* Little content about rural life is in songs, but
some street cries and folk songs are preserved
as quoted in polyphonic music
* GENRES: epics, chanson de geste
* French Song of Roland
* Old English Beowulf
* German Song of the Nibelungs
Vernacular Song