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Biology > Chapter 39 > Flashcards

Chapter 39 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In terms of symbiotic relationship, cellulose-digesting prokaryotes or protists are linked with?

A

herbivores

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2
Q

In terms of symbiotic relationship, endomycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae are linked with?

A

plant roots

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3
Q

In terms of symbiotic relationship, cyanobacteria or dinoflagellates are linked with?

A

coral animals

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4
Q

Explain a mutualistic relationship.

A

both species benefit from the relationship

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5
Q

Explain a parasitic relationship

A

one specie benefits while the other is harmed.

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6
Q

Explain commensalism.

A

One specie benefits while the other is neither harmed or benefits

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7
Q

The organisms involved in a symbiotic relationships are called

A

symbionts

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8
Q

What is endosymbiosis

A

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives inside the other

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9
Q

Symbiotic relationships can create new species. True or False

A

True

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10
Q

Organelles cannot persist in other organisms. True or False

A

False

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11
Q

what are the three types of mutualism?

A

habitat mutualism
service mutualism
trophic mutualism

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12
Q

What is trophic mutualism

A

a nutritional gain of some sort

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13
Q

What is habitual mutualism.

A

A mutualistic relationship where housing/shelter is provided

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14
Q

What is service mutualism

A

A mutualistic relationship where both organism gain an advantage often reproductive or defensive.

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15
Q

What is diffusive/faculative mutualism?

A

When one or both species in the relationship have multiple partners/relationships

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16
Q

What is an obligated mutualism?

A

when relationship is species-specific

- often neither partner can survive on their own

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17
Q

What is an example of a diffusive/facultative mutualism

A

flowers are pollinated by many insects

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18
Q

What is an example of an obligated mutualism?

A

yucca moth and yucca

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19
Q

Why are yuccas and yucca moths considered an obligated mutualism?

A

because the yucca moth is the only pollinators of the plant yucca
and the larvae of the yucca moth can only develop in the yucca plant

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20
Q

Mutualism can involve more than 2 partners. True or False

A

True

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21
Q

Explain the mutualistic relationship of a tree, fungus and a rodent.

A

1) the rodent is directly mutualistic with the fungus
- fungus provides truffles for rodent to eat
- the rodent provides dispersal for the fungus
2) the tree is directly mutualistic with the fungus
- fungus gets sugars from tree
- tree gains enhanced nutrients and water uptake
3) rodent is indirectly mutualistic with the tree

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22
Q

Parasites obtain what from their host?

A

part of its nutrients

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23
Q

Parasites always kill their host. True or False

A

False

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24
Q

What do you call parasites that live on their host. give an example.

A

Ectoparasites

dodder

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25
Q

What do you call parasites that live in their host. Give an example.

A

Endoparasites

- eg. tapeworm

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26
Q

Parasites can be?

A

1) Generalists

2) Specialists

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27
Q

What are generalist parasites?

A

Parasites that can live in a wide range of environments and can use plenty of resources

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28
Q

What are specialist parasites

A

parasites that can only live in a narrow range of environments and use limited resources

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29
Q

What are two modes of transmission in parasitic relationships.

A

1) active transmission

2) passive transmission

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30
Q

Differentiate passive and active transmission in parasites.

A

Passive = the parasite doesn’t look for its host. The host comes to them by accident usually or coincidentally

active = when the parasite itself finds its host

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31
Q

Give an example of a passive transmission.

A

Vector transmission

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32
Q

What is vector transmission.

A

A type of passive parasitic transmission in which a biting insect or tick transmits a disease or parasite to a host

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33
Q

In terms of commensalism, clownfish are linked to?

A

sea anemones

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34
Q

In terms of commensalism, bisons are linked with

A

insect-eating birds

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35
Q

In terms of commensalism, epiphytes are linked with?

A

trees

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36
Q

In terms of commensalism, burrs are linked to?

A

animals

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37
Q

In terms of commensalism, staghorn ferns are linked to?

A

trees

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38
Q

What is mimicry?

A

a debatable symbiotic relationship in which an organism (mimic) copies the appearance of another species (model)

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39
Q

What are different kinds of mimicry?

A

1) batesian mimicry
2) mullerian mimicry
3) aggressive mimicry
4) pouyannian mimicry

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40
Q

What is batesian mimicry?

A

A type of mimicry where the mimic copies the models appearance (bright color patterns of model)
- the model is venomous/toxic and the mimic is not

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41
Q

What is a mullerian mimicry?

A

A type of mimicry in which the mimic copies the model’s appearance and both organisms are toxic

42
Q

What is an aggressive mimicry

A

a type of mimicry in which predators or parasites (mimic) copy or have similar appearance to a prey

43
Q

What is pouyannian mimicry?

A

when a flower mimics a female or male of species of an insect to try to attract the opposite sex and have sex with them?

44
Q

What is an example of a batesian mimicry?

A

coral snakes and king snakes

45
Q

what is an example of a mullerian mimicry?

A

monarch butterfly and viceroy butterfly

46
Q

Whats an example of an aggressive mimicry?

A

cleaner wrasse and sabre-toothed blenny

47
Q

give an example of pouyannian mimicry.

A

orchid and wasp

48
Q

In terms of symbiotic relationship, nitrogen fixing bacteria are linked with?

A

plant roots

49
Q

What is coevolution?

A

a change of biological object triggered by the change of a biological object

50
Q

Do sponges have a nervous system?

A

no

51
Q

Describe the nervous system of radially symmetrical animals like hydras and seastars

A
  • no brain

- their nervous system has a net-like arrangement

52
Q

bilaterally symmetrical animals evolved a _______. This is called _______

A

head end

-cephalization

53
Q

Describe the nervous system of bilaterally animals

A

some have a brain and some only have a ganglia

- nerve cords are present

54
Q

What is a ganglia.

A

It is a cluster of neurones usually cell bodies

55
Q

What are nerve cords?

A

a bundle of elongates neurones

56
Q

What makes up a nervous system?

A

brain, ganglia, nerve cords and individual neurones

57
Q

The vertebral nervous system is composed of?

A

central and peripheral nervous system

58
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

59
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

A

1) cranial nerves
2) spinal nerves
3) ganglia

60
Q

what is the functional unit of the nervous system?

A

neurones

61
Q

what is a nerve?

A

it consists of a bundle of neurones tightly wrapped in a CT

62
Q

Animal mobility relies on what?

A

similar cellular movements and muscle cells working with neurones and the skeletal system as well

63
Q

Why is there less friction, in walking, hopping running?

A

because air is involved

64
Q

in walking, hopping running what needs to be overcome and what is essential

A

gravity

- good balance

65
Q

with burrowing and crawling, is there more friction or less friction to overcome?

A

more friction

66
Q

In burrowing and crawling, how is it in terms of gravity?

A

it’s more stable

67
Q

How do snakes move?

A

via forward or side to side undulation

68
Q

How do centipedes and polychaetes move?

A

through their short appendages

69
Q

How do earthworms move

A

via peristalsis

70
Q

Explain the peristalsis movement associated with earthworms?

A

its a combination of muscle contraction and relaxation
- when the circular muscle - runs vertically is contracting (it gets bigger) the longitudinal muscle – runs horizontally is relaxing (it gets smaller) and an alternation happens

71
Q

What animals glide?

A

snail and planarian

72
Q

With gliding, how is friction lessened and adhesion aided ?

A

by secreting mucous

73
Q

In gliding, what provides motion?

A

cilia or muscular contraction

74
Q

In swimming, what supports the animal

A

water

75
Q

Water slows locomotion by friction. True or False

A

True

76
Q

What helps seals and fish to swim?

A

their fins or flippers with body undulation

77
Q

what helps squid swim?

A

Jet propulsion

78
Q

In cnidarians like sea stars, what do they use for locomotion?

A

their water vascular system

79
Q

Explain the water vascular system of seastars

A

Water is drawn from the outside into the animal’s network of canals
- water goes in through the tube feet which project outside of the body

80
Q

What allows seastars suck on stick onto surfaces?

A

their tube feet

81
Q

What is used as airfoils in flying animals?

A

their wings

82
Q

what causes the animals to fly

A

The shape of their wings (top is convex and the underneath is concave or flattened).

  • the air pressure underneath is higher because curvy top causes air molecules longer.
  • as a result the big pressure difference causes flying animals to fly
83
Q

Skeletons and muscles do NOT work together. True of False

A

False

84
Q

In terms of muscle and skeleton working, what does the muscle provide?

A

it provides the force needed to overcome gravity and friction

85
Q

In terms of muscle and skeleton working, what do the skeletons provide?

A

1) body support
2) anchoring points for muscles to facilitate movement
3) protection of internal organs

86
Q

What are the three types of animal skeletons?

A

1) hydrostatic skeleton
2) endoskeleton
3) exoskeleton

87
Q

describe hydrostatic skeleton.

A

they contain fluid under pressure in a closed body compartment

88
Q

What do hydrostatic skeletons do?

A

1) support muscle actions
2) body shape
3) cushion internal organs

89
Q

animals with hydrostatic skeletons are?

A
  • hydra
  • roundworms
  • polychaetes
  • rotifers
  • water bears
  • segmented worms
90
Q

what are exoskeletons?

A

rigid external coverings

91
Q

What exoskeletons made up of>

A

chitin or proteins

calcium carbonate

92
Q

Give examples of animals with exoskeleton made up of chitin or protein

A

arthropods (shrimp, insects, crabs)

93
Q

Give some examples of animals with exoskeleton made up of calcium carbonate.

A

mollusk shells (snails, clam)

94
Q

to permit growth of exoskeleton, what happens

A

they need to be shed

95
Q

What are endoskeletons.

A

consist of hard or leathery elements embedded within soft tissues

96
Q

endoskeletons may be made up of?

A

1) cartilage
2) cartilage and bones (calcium phosphate)
3) spicules (calcium silica and protein)
4) calcium carbonate plates

97
Q

Which animals have endoskeletons made up of cartilages?

A

lamprey and sharks

98
Q

Which animals have endoskeletons made up of cartilages and bones

A

mammals, bony fishes, amphibians, birds and reptiles

99
Q

Which animals have endoskeletons made up of spicules?

A

sponges

100
Q

Which animals have endoskeletons made up of calcium carbonate plates?

A

sea stars and sea urchins

Biology (9 decks)

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