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Biology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are different methods of food ingestion?

A

1) Suspension feeding
2) Substrate feeding
3) Fluid feeding
4) bulk feeding

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2
Q

What are suspension feeders? Give an example.

A

they filter food particles out of water

eg. baleen whales. clams and tube worms

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3
Q

What are substrate feeders? Give examples.

A

they live in or on their food source and eat their way through it
- eg. leaf miners, earthworms, maggots

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4
Q

What are fluid feeders? Give some example

A

they nutrient-rich fluids from plants or animals

-eg. mosquitos, aphids, ticks, and hummingbirds

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5
Q

What are bulk feeders? Give example

A

they eat food whole or tear off pieces using special body parts
eg. humans, lions, dogs, cat, fish-eating birds

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6
Q

An animal’s diet must satisfy 3 needs. What are they?

A

1) obtain fuel for energy
2) obtain organic macromolecules
3) obtain essential nutrients

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7
Q

What causes health problems.

A

Too much or too little nutrients

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8
Q

What is an essential nutrient

A

a nutrient that an animal require because they cannot synthesize it

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9
Q

What are four essential nutrients needed in a diet?

A

1) essential fatty acids
2) essential amino acids
3) vitamins
4) minerals

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10
Q

essential fatty acids are used to make?

A

cell membranes

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11
Q

essential amino acids are for?

A

making proteins

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12
Q

what are vitamins?

A

organic materials required in small amounts

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13
Q

what are minerals?

A

inorganic materials required in varying amounts depending on the function

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14
Q

give an example of an essential fatty acid. Where can they be found?

A

linoleic acid from soy beans and flax seeds

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15
Q

Give an example of an essential amino acids and where can they be found?

A

threonine in beans and corn

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16
Q

Give an example of a mineral.

A

Calcium from dairy and milk

iron from meat and leafy green veges

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17
Q

what are water soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins B and C

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18
Q

what are fat soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K

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19
Q

when does malnutrition occur?

A

when theres a chronic deficiency in food or one or more essential nutrients

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20
Q

The Recommended Daily Allowance states?

A

the minimum amount of nutrient needed in a day

21
Q

Too much nutrients can be harmful. What nutrients specially?

A

vitamins, minerals, low-density lipoproteins, saturated and trans fat, cholesterol

22
Q

A healthy human diet includes ______ vitamins and _______ essential minerals

A

13 and many

23
Q

Food is processed in four stages. What are they?

A

1) Ingestion
2) Digestion
3) Absorption
4) Elimination

24
Q

proteins are broken down to?

A

amino acids

25
Q

Carbohydrates (disaccharides and polysaccharides) are broken down into?

A

monosaccharides

26
Q

Nucleic acids are broken down too?

A

nucleotides

27
Q

Fat is broken down to?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

28
Q

How do sponges digest food?

A

they digest food intracellularly

  • food is filtered out of water by choanocytes
  • food is taken into cells via phagocytes
  • the amoebocytes digest the food
  • then carry nutrients to other cells
29
Q

How do cnidarians digest their food?

A

1) extracellularly = in their gastrovascular cavity where the gland cells release digestive enzymes
2) intracellularly = in endodermal cell

30
Q

Differentiate a complete digestive cavity and an incomplete digestive system

A

1) incomplete digestive = there’s only one opening to their digestive cavity
2) complete digestive = there’s two openings to their digestive cavity (mouth and anus)
= alimentary canal (digestive tract)
= they have regions for specialized functions
= facilitate extracellular digestion

31
Q

Give an example of animals with an incomplete digestive system.

A

Cnidarians and flatworms (platyhelminthes)

32
Q

What makes up the alimentary canal in earthworms

A

1) mouth
2) pharynx
3) esophagus
4) crop
5) Gizzard
6) intestines
7) anus

33
Q

What makes up the alimentary canal in grasshoppers?

A

1) mouth
2) esophagus
3) crop
4) Gastric pouches
5) stomach (hindgut and midgut)
6) anus

34
Q

What makes up the alimentary canal of birds?

A

1) mouth
2) esophagus
3) crop
4) stomach
5) gizzard
6) intestines
7) anus

35
Q

describe the pathway of food in humans.

A

mouth –> pharynx –> esophagus —> stomach —> small intestine –> large intestine —> rectum –> anus

36
Q

What are the accessory glands present in the human digestive system

A

salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas

37
Q

In herbivores they have specialized regions to?

A

promote growth of cellulose-digesting bacteria and protists

38
Q

In cayotes and koalas, where are cellulose-digesting bacteria and protist housed?

A

cecum

39
Q

in rabbits and rodents, where are cellulose-digesting bacteria and protist housed?

A

large intestines and cecum

40
Q

in cattle, sheep and deer, where are cellulose-digesting bacteria and protist housed?

A

stomach

41
Q

Between carnivores and herbivores, which one has a longer alimentary canal

A

herbivores

42
Q

How is food sent to the pharynx?

A

the tongue pushes it

43
Q

How is food moved down the esophagus and small intestines?

A

peristalsis

44
Q

what allows stomach to hold food for awhile?

A

sphincters

45
Q

what does the liver do in the digestive system?

A

produces bile that contain bile salts that will digest fat

46
Q

What does the gallbladder do in the digestive system?

A

store bile until needed in the small intestine

47
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

release digestive enzymes and alkaline fluid rich in bicarbonate which will neutralize the acidity of the chyme as it enters the small intestine (duodenum)

48
Q

What are the three animal dietary categories?

A

1) carnivores
2) omnivores
3) herbivores

Biology (9 decks)

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