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Biology > Chapter 19&22 > Flashcards

Chapter 19&22 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Specifically, where did plants come from?

A

charophytes

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1
Q

Plants are believed to have arisen from?

A

the multicellular algae

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2
Q

Give some examples of charophytes.

A

chara & coleochaete

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3
Q

Plants are aquatic and have virtually no hard tissues. True or False

A

True

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4
Q

Plants are anchored to the bottom with a?

A

holdfast

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5
Q

what materials do plants take up?

A

water, CO2 and minerals directly from the water

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6
Q

The algal surfaces of plants, can do what?

A

photosynthesis

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7
Q

In land plants, what prevents them from loosing water?

A

cuticle coating

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8
Q

Where does O2 and CO2 pass through in land plants?

A

the stoma of the leaves

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9
Q

What does the stoma allow the plant to do?

A

gas exchange between CO2 and O2

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10
Q

When are the stomas usually open?

A

during sunlight hours

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11
Q

What are the organs of a plant?

A

roots, stems, leaves

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12
Q

A typical plant must obtain chemicals from?

A

soil and air

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13
Q

What is mainly obtained by a plant in the soil?

A

water and minerals

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14
Q

What is mainly obtained from the air by a plant?

A

CO2 and light

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15
Q

What does the roots of a plant do?

A

provide anchorage and absorb water and minerals from the soil

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16
Q

What do the leaves do?

A

obtain CO2 from the air and light from the sun

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17
Q

What is apical meristems? and where is it found?

A

the growth producing region of cell division in a plant

- near the tips of stems and roots

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18
Q

What is a vascular tissue?

A
  • a network of thick walled cells joined into narrow tubes that extend throughout the body of the plant
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19
Q

What does the vascular tissue contain?

A

-phloem and xylem

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20
Q

Define xylem.

A

part of the vascular tissue consisting of dead cells that form microscopic pipes conveying water and minerals from the roots and up.

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21
Q

Define phloem.

A
  • part of the vascular tissue consisting of alive cells that pass sugars (made in the leaves) throughout the plant
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22
Q

What makes moss different from fern, flowering plants and pines?

A

they lack an elaborative vascular tissue

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23
Q

What is a lignin?

A
  • a chemical reinforcing the thickened cell wall of plant tissues (including the xylem)
  • this allows the plant to support itself
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24
Q

What is a gemetangia and what type of plants contain this?

A
  • contains the gamete producing cells and coats them with a jacket of protective cells.
  • mosses and ferns
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25
Q

Where can mosses and ferns only reproduce?

A

moist areas

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26
Q

what are pollen grains and what type of plants have these structures?

A
  • they are structures that contain sperm-producing cells.

- pines and flowering plants

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27
Q

what are embryophytes?

A
  • plants that have the fertilized egg (zygote) attached to them.
  • the zygote develops into an embryo here
  • the plant nourishes it
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28
Q

The plant goes through a haplo-diplontic cycle. What do the haploid and diploid generations produce?

A
  • haploid = eggs and sperm

- diploid = spores within a structure called sporangia

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29
Q

What is a spore?

A

a cell that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another.

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30
Q

Seedless plants are usually referred to as

A

plants that disperse their offspring as spores

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31
Q

Flowering plants and pines have what to launch their offspring?

A

seeds

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32
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of land plants?

A

1) Advantage
- more access to light, CO2,
- few pathogens or herbivores
2) Disadvantage
- more support needed for the plant body
- drying was an issue
- reproduction and dispersal needed to occur without water
- needed to obtain nutrients from water and soil

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33
Q

When did land plants arise?

A

about 470 mya

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34
Q

when did vascular land plants arise?

A
  • about 425 mya
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35
Q

When did seed plants arise?

A
  • about 360 mya
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36
Q

Recite the table from Chapter 19&22 page 2

A

Did you get it right?

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37
Q

Recite the haplo-diplontic cycle.

A

Did you get it right?

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38
Q

In Bryophyte life cycle, which generation dominates?

A

the gametophyte

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39
Q

The sporophytes in bryophytes are smaller or larger?

A

smaller

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40
Q

what is the thallus of a bryophyte?

A

the bodies of gametophytes and sporophytes

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41
Q

Bryophytes are complex and big plants. True or False

A

False

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42
Q

Do bryophytes contain vascular tissues or complex tissues?

A

n

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43
Q

Do bryophytes produce flowers?

A

no

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44
Q

Where are bryophytes usually restricted to and where are they found?

A
  • restricted to moist habitats

- found in shady forests

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45
Q

Recite the bryophytes life cycle

A

Did you get it right?

46
Q

the sporangium is supported by the stalk called?

A

seta

47
Q

Where does the sporophyte develop?

A

on top of the female gametophyte

48
Q

moses or bryophytes have _______ male and female gametophytes. therefore they are ____

A
  • separate

- dioecious

49
Q

in a moss life cycle, where are sperms and eggs made?

A
  • sperm = antheridia

- egg = archegonia

50
Q

Sperm is transferred to the female gametophyte via

A

splash cup technique

51
Q

What do gametophytes have at their base?

A

rhizoids which are analogous to roots

52
Q

What are and what do rhizoids do?

A
  • tubular unicells uptake water and nutrients and anchors thallus in place
53
Q

Where are spores formed in a moss cycle?

A

sporangium

54
Q

The phylum pterophyta are also called?

A

ferns

55
Q

Which generation dominates in pterophytes?

A

sporophytes

56
Q

Which generation is smaller in the phylum pterophyes

A

gametophytes

57
Q

Which generation in ferns contain a thallus?

A

gametophyte

58
Q

describe the sporophytes in the phylum pterophytes

A
  • they are larger and more complex, therefore they are a true plant
  • they contain vascular tissues which are complex tissues
59
Q

What do the vascular tissues do in pterophytes?

A

transport water and nutrients throughout the plant

60
Q

Are pterophytes flowering plants?

A

no

61
Q

What are fronds?

A

they are the true leaves of a pterophyte or a gern

62
Q

Do pterophytes have true roots?

A

yes

63
Q

What do ferns have on most of their surfaces and what do they do?

A
  • waxy covering called a cuticle

- slow water loss

64
Q

The fronds or leaves of ferns contain what?

A

stomata

65
Q

What is a stomata and what does it do?

A
  • little pores with 2 cells on either side
  • can open or close to control loss of water
  • allows gas exchange (O2 and CO2)
66
Q

What makes the fronds true leaves?

A
  • vascular tissues, cuticle and stomata
67
Q

The gametophytes of in the phylum pterophytes are ______ because they contain ___________ _________ & _________

A
  • monoecious
  • both
  • antheridia
  • archegonia
68
Q

During the sperm transfer in the fern life cycle, what does the gametophyte need?

A

water

69
Q

where are the spores produced in fern?

A

in the sporangia on the underside of the leaves

70
Q

some ferns have separate leaves for spores production. True or False

A

True

71
Q

Sporangia are produced in clusters called?

A

sorus

72
Q

why are ferns still restricted to moist habitats?

A

because the gametophytes need water

73
Q

Explain the fern life cycle

A

Did you get it right?

74
Q

List the differences between a thallus and a true plant?

A

1) Thallus
- most cells are similar
- no specialized tissues
- no cuticle
- no stomata
- has rhizoids
- often whole structure can photosynthesize

2) True Plant
- many different types of cells
- has pecialized tissues
- has a cuticle
- has a stomata
- has true roots
- usually leaves photosynthesize

75
Q

Which generation dominates in the phylum coniferophyta?

A

sporophytes

76
Q

Do coniferophytes produce flowers>

A

no

77
Q

Where are the gametophytes produced in coniferophytes?

A
  • male gametophytes in male cones

- female gametophytes in female cones

78
Q

Are coniferophytes seed bearing?

A

yes

79
Q

Where are the seeds produced in the phylum coniferophyta?

A

in the female cones

80
Q

Explain why coniferophytes can be both monoecious and dioecious?

A
  • monoecious = if female and male cones are produced on the same tree
  • dioecious = if female and male cones are produced on different trees
81
Q

the male gametophytes in the coniferophyte phylum can be referred to as?

A

pollen grains

82
Q

how are the pollen grains or male gametophytes transferred to the female gametophyte?

A

through wind called pollination

83
Q

how are sperms delivered to the egg cell in coniferophyte pollination?

A

through the pollen tube

84
Q

Recite the life cycle of coniferophytes.

A

did you get it right?

85
Q

Explain the coniferophyte life cycle

A

did you get it right?

86
Q

What are the antophytes?

A

flowering plants

87
Q

What is dominant in the life cycle of flowering plants?

A

sporophytes

88
Q

what do anthophytes produce?

A

seeds and flowers

89
Q

where do seeds develop in anthophytes?

A
  • inside the fruits
90
Q

when do seeds and fruit develop in the life cycle of anthophytes?

A

after fertilization occurs in the flower

91
Q

Recite the parts of flower.

A

Label them

92
Q

What do the sepals do?

A
  • encloses the developing flower
93
Q

What are the characteristics of sepals?

A
  • they often photosynthesize

- usually green but can be colored as well like the tulips

94
Q

What are petals and what do they do?

A
  • they are the brightly colored part of the flower
  • to attract pollinators like bees
  • BUT in some flowering plants, petals could be reduced inside or could also be absent in flowers that practice wind pollination (oak, poplar)
95
Q

What does the stamen do?

A

they make the male gametophyte that will eventually contain sperm cells

96
Q

What does the carpel do?

A

produces the female gametophyte that will eventually contain egg cells

97
Q

The stamen is also called _________ & the carpel is also called ________

A
  • microgametophyte

- megagametophyte

98
Q

some flowers produce a sugary fluid. What is it called and what is it for?

A
  • nectar

- to attract pollinators

99
Q

Recite the life of cycle of anthophytes

A

did you get it right?

100
Q

What is pollination?

A

the transfer of pollen via wind, animals or water

101
Q

Since 2 sperm cells are sent to the ovary in flowering plants, what happens?

A

a) the 1st sperm fuses with the egg cell to create a diploid zygote
- the zygote becomes an embryo via mitosis
b) the 2nd sperm fuses with 2 polar nuclei which comes a triploid endosperm nuclei which divides via mitosis to create triploid endosperm tissue which is a nutritive tissue for growing embryo

102
Q

in an antrophyte and coniferohyte life cycle, is water needed for sperm transfer?

A

no

103
Q

the embryo and the endospore is enclosed within the ________. Which is enclosed within the ________.

A
  • seed

- fruit

104
Q

If more than one ovule was fertilized, what happens

A

more seeds will be made

105
Q

fruits can be _______ or ________

A

fleshy (oranges) or dry (nuts)

106
Q

What do the fruits and seeds contribute to the life cycle?

A

allows plants to move to new locations via dispersal

107
Q

How can dry fruits be dispersed?

A
  • by animals
  • they gather them to eat
  • seeds and fruits can also attach to animals
108
Q

How can fleshy fruits be dispersed?

A
  • by animals

- they carry them in their digestive tracts

109
Q

How else are fruits dispersed?

A

floating in water

110
Q

What is an usual way of seed dispersal ?

A
  • forcible/explosive discharge
111
Q

Some seeds can remain _______ for years. What does this mean?

A
  • dormant

- they are alive but not actively growing

112
Q

What is germination?

A
  • the early stages of growth of embryo which grows to new sporophyte

Biology (9 decks)

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