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Biology > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

are fungi unicellular or multicellular?

A

mostly multicellular but some are unicellular

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1
Q

Fungi includes moulds, ______. _____. ______

A
  • mushrooms
  • chytrids
  • yeasts
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2
Q

Are fungi autotrophic or heterotrophic?

A

heterotrophic

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3
Q

How do fungi digest their food?

A
  • they use extracellular digestion by secreting enzymes to digest large molecules outside the them and later absorb the small molecules
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4
Q

Fungi store their food as ?

A

glycogen = a carbohydrate

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5
Q

Fungi are mostly made up of?

A

Mass of threadlike hyphae

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6
Q

a whole mass of hyphae is called?

A

mycelium

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7
Q

Hyphae can grow into or between cells and then release their enzymes. True or False

A

True

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8
Q

Hyphae have a small surface area to secrete enzymes and absorb food. True of False

A

False, they have a huge surface area.

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9
Q

Do hyphae only consume living or dead cells or both?

A

both

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10
Q

If conditions are right, what happens to the status of hyphae?

A

they can grow and expand to cover new areas really fast.

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11
Q

What do hyphae need to grow?

A

moisture

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12
Q

Fungi hyphae are made up of?

A

chains of cells

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13
Q

do hyphae cells contain a cell wall?

A

yes

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14
Q

What are hyphae cell walls made up of?

A

chitin

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15
Q

What is chitin?

A

a nitrogen containing polysaccharide

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16
Q

Other than cell walls, what do hyphae cells have?

A

cross walls (some hypahe)

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17
Q

what do hyphae with cross walls have in between and other hyphae cells?

A

pores in the septum

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18
Q

Hyphae without cross walls are called?

A

multinucleated fungi

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19
Q

Other fungi that do not make hyphae are multicellular. True or False

A

False. they can be unicellular

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20
Q

How are fungi species classified?

A

by examining the sexual reproduction structures

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21
Q

What are the 5 different groups of fungi

A

1) chytridiomycetes or chytrids
2) zygomycetes or zygote
3) glomeromycete or arbuscular fungi
4) ascomycete or sac fungi
5) basidiomycetes or club fungi

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22
Q

Are chytridiomycetes single celled or multicellular

A

both

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23
Q

What do chytrids have?

A

their spores have flagella

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24
Q

what are chytrids’ role in nature?

A

they are decomposers, parasites and symbionts (help digestion)

25
Q

Give an example of a chytridiomycete.

A

chitridium

26
Q

Are zygomyecete or zygote fungi multicellular or uniceullar

A

multicellular

27
Q

What do zygomycetes form?

A
  • they form zygosporangium that releases spores
28
Q

What role do zygote fungi take on in nature?

A

they are parasites and decomposers on plants and animals

29
Q

Give an example of a zygomycete.

A

black bread mould aka rhizopus stolonifera

30
Q

are glomeromycetes unicellular or multicellular?

A

multicellular

31
Q

What role do arbuscular fungi or glomeromycete take on in nature?

A

endomycorrhizae

  • their hypha push into plant roots and form branched arbuscles (they attach on the cell not the surface)
  • they help the plant absorb water and nutrients
  • and the plant shares carbohydrates with them
32
Q

Give an example of an abuscular fungi

A

glomus mossae

33
Q

Are ascomycetes or sac fungi unicellular or multi?

A
  • some are unicellular such as saccharomyces or candida albicans (yeast)
  • the rest are multicellular such as penicillium and aspergillus
34
Q

Multicellular ascomycetes make what?

A

spores in asci (a sac)

35
Q

Are ascomycetes edible? Give examples if yes.

A

some are

  • morchella esculenta (edible morels)
  • tuber melanosporum (truffles)
36
Q

What role(s) do sac fungi take on in nature?

A
  • some are ectomycorrhizae = they grow on the surface of plant roots with a mutualistic relationship
  • some are decomposers and form lichens and some are pathogens (claviceps purpurea = ergot of rye and lysergic acid)
37
Q

Are basidiomycetes or club fungi unicellular or multicellular?

A

multicellular

38
Q

What do basidiomycetes make?

A

spores in the mushroom (basidium)

39
Q

What falls in the basidiomycetes classification?

A
  • mushrooms, puffballs, and bracket/shelf fungi
40
Q

What role(s) do basidiomycetes take on in nature?

A

They are important decomposers in forests (they break down wood and logs)

41
Q

Are club fungi edible? If yes, give example

A

Some are
- armillaria (honey mushroom
some are poisonous
- amanita phalloides (death cap)

42
Q

are basidiomycetes disease causing? If yes, give examples

A
  • yes some
  • eg. ustilago maydis (corn smut)
  • puccinia graminis (black stem rust of wheat)
43
Q

How do unicellular fungi reproduce?

A

by asexual reproduction = budding (mitosis)

44
Q

How do multicellular fungi reproduce?

A
  • various ways and life cycle
  • hyphae can fragment and spread or produce single-celled spores in special structure
  • while others have variations of haplo-diplontic life cycle or haplontic life cycle
45
Q

Briefly describe the haplontic life cycle of fungi

A
  • most of the life cycle is haploid
  • there’s only one diploid structure present (zygote, zygospore, zygosporangium)
    - which goes through meiosis to release haploid spores of different mating types (therefore genetically different)
  • the spores can then spread around and germinate making a new hyphae (haploid) and the hyphae can produce spores as well
46
Q

In details explain the haplontic life cycle of fungi?

A

fusion of cytoplasm (heterokaryotic stage n + n) —> fusion of nuclei (heterokaryotic stage n+n) –> zygote (2n) –> meiosis –> spore producing structures (n) –> spores (n) –> germination —> hyphae (mycelium [n] –> spore producing structures (n)[asexual reproduction] –> spores (n)[asexual reproduction] –> germination[n]—> hyphae (mycelium) [n]

47
Q

How do hyphae of different mating types reproduce?

A

cell fusion of the different mating types of hyphae (n) –> hetekaryotic stage which produces young zygosporangium –> the nuclei fuses (2n) —> meiosis –> sporangium (n) —> spores

48
Q

What are lichens?

A
  • symbiotic associations of fungi with unicellular photosynthetic organisms like green algae or cyanobacteria
  • it is an endosymbiosis and often mutualism
49
Q

What happens in a lichen?

A

the fungus gains sugar from the photosynthetic organism and the photosynthetic organism gets nutrients and water from the fungus and shelter as well.

50
Q

are lichens random association?

A

no.

- usually certain fungi are associated with specific photosynthesizers

51
Q

Where do lichens live?

A
  • on places other organism can’t live on like rocks or tree bark
52
Q

What type of weather can lichens endure?

A

harsh weather

53
Q

What are lichens sensitive to?

A

air pollution

54
Q

What’s the growing rate of lichens?

A

quite slow

55
Q

What have lichens been used for?

A

biological monitors

56
Q

Lichens are often mistaken as?

A

moss (reindeer moss)

57
Q

What are the 3 main lichen growths?

A

1) Crustose
2) Fruticose
3) Foliose

58
Q

What is crustose lichen growth? give examples

A
  • often powdery or flat

- parmelia (pale green) & xanthoria (orange) on tree bark

59
Q

What is a fruticose lichen growth? give examples

A
  • more filamentous and shrubby
  • usnea (old man’s beard)
  • cladonia (reindeer’s moss)
60
Q

What is a foliose lichen growth? give examples

A
  • leaf- like

- peltigera (dog lichen)

Biology (9 decks)

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