chapter 20&21 Flashcards
(194 cards)
0
Q
Describe the body of molluscs
A
- they are soft and most of them are covered with a calcium carbonate shell
1
Q
How common are molluscs?
A
fairly common over 150,000 species
2
Q
What is the basic body plan of molluscs?
A
1) single muscular foot
2) visceral mass = contains most of its internal organs and true coelom
3) mantle = covers the viscera and secrets shell
3
Q
Are molluscs eumetozoans?
A
Yes
4
Q
What body cavity is present in molluscs?
A
coelom
5
Q
What is the visceral mass found in molluscs?
A
it contains most of their internal organs including the coelom
6
Q
Describe the mantles of molluscs
A
It covers all of the viscera and secretes calcium carbonate to make the shell
7
Q
What are three main classes of molluscs
A
1) gastropoda
2) bivalvia
3) cephalopoda
8
Q
What are gastopodas? Where do they live? Describe their body? What of feeders are there? Give examples.
A
a class of molluscs that live in water and land
- they have a spiral shell (most)
- they are herbivores mostly, and scrape algae off with their radula
- eg. snails, slugs
9
Q
What makes it possible for gastropods (molluscs) to eat?
A
their radula
10
Q
Describe the bivalvias. Where do they live? Describe their body? What of feeders are there? Give an example
A
- a class of molluscs that live in water
- they have a shell with two halves
- and filter feeders (mostly)
- clam and mussels
11
Q
Describe the cephalopodas. Where do they live? Describe their body? What of feeders are there? Give an example.
A
- they live in water. (aquatic and marine)
- food is modified into tentacles with suckers
- they are predators
- octopi, squid
12
Q
What is modified in cephalopods?
A
foot is modified into tentacles with suckers
13
Q
The animals in the phylum annelida are also called?
A
segmented worms
14
Q
How long are phylum annelids?
A
1 mm - 3 mm
15
Q
Are annelids aquatic or terrestrial?
A
both
16
Q
Are segmented worms, scavengers, decomposer, free living or parasites?
A
scavengers and decomposers
17
Q
Do molluscs have a body cavity? If so, what does this mean in terms of tissue layers? What body cavity is present?
A
Yes
- they are eumetozoans
- a true coelom
18
Q
Describe the body of segmented worms.
A
They have many segments and some organs are repeated in each segment
19
Q
What are the different classes of annelids
A
1) oligochaeta
2) polychaeta
3) hirudinea
20
Q
Oligochaetes are also known as?
A
- terrestrial segmented worms
21
Q
Give an example of an oligochaete.
A
earthworm
22
Q
What do do oligochaetes have on each segments of their body?
A
a FEW bristles/stae
23
Q
Oligochaetes are excellent ________. They are important in _________ and _________
A
- burrowers
- soil aeration
- decomposition of dead plant material
24
Where do polychaetes live?
in the ocean therefore they are marine animals
25
Are polychaetes (annelids) scavengers, predators, decomposers, filter-feeders?
some are predators, others are scavengers and filter feeders
26
Describe the body of polychaetes?
Each segment has many bristles/setae and 2 parapodia
27
Parapodias are present in polychaetes, what do they do?
they function for swimming, crawling, feeding, and as gills
28
Give an example of hirudineans.
leeches
29
where do hirudineans live?
wet places because they dry out very easily
30
What kind of feeders are hirudineans?
most are scavengers and carnivores (but only a few are blood sucking)
31
Describe the body of hirudineans?
- they are somewhat flattened
- they lack bristles/setea, and parapodia
- they have 2 suckers, one posterior and one anterior
32
How long are hirudineans?
1 - 30 cm long
33
How do hirudineans feed?
by making a slit with their blade-like jaw and releasing enzyme
34
Aside from secretion of enzyme, what do hirudineans secrete?
anesthetic
35
In blood sucking hirudineans, what do they release?
they release an anticoagulant called hirudin which is used for medical purposes
36
How many species of the phylum arthropods are alive up to this day?
9 - 100 million species
37
How many species of arthropods have been successfully named?
about 1 million
38
Are arthropods aquatic or terrestrial?
both
39
Describe the body of arthropods.
1) jointed appendages
2) segmented bodies
3) chitinous exoskeleton
40
How are jointed appendages in arthropods modified?
According to function
41
In terrestrial arthropods, what does the chitinous exoskeleton do?
slow down water loss
42
Describe the segmented body of arthropods.
Some are fused together
43
how many sub phylum exist in the phylum arthropods.
4
44
what are the different subphylum of arthropods?
1) hexapoda
2) myriapoda
3) cheliceriformes
4) crustacea
45
70% of the identified species in the subphylum hexapoda (arthropods) are?
insects
46
How many insect species are there?
30 million
47
What are the 3 main body parts of hexapods
1) head
2) thorax
3) abdomen
48
The head of hexapods have?
a single pair of antennae
49
The thorax of hexapods have?
3 pairs of walking legs
50
Describe the eyes of hexapods
Usually they have 2 compound eyes but sometimes SEVERAL simple eyes
51
Many hexapods have wings and fly. True or False
True
52
The life cycles of insects are usually described as being?
1) incomplete metamorphosis
| 2) complete metamorphosis
53
What is an incomplete metamorphosis of hexapods.
the egg hatches into a nymph (miniature of the adult) and grows larger until it's adult size
54
What insect goes through an incomplete metamorphosis?
grasshopper
55
What is a complete metamorphosis insect life cycle?
a life cycle that facilitates complete body form changes
56
What insect(s) goes through a complete metamorphosis?
beetles, flies and butterflies
57
In terms complete metamorphosis insect life cycle, do the larva and adult eat the same thing?
no
58
What is the metamorphosing stage in a complete metamorphosis insect life cycle? Does the organism eat in this stage?
pupal stage
| - no
59
In simple form, recite the complete metamorphosis insect life cycle
fertilized egg --> larval stage --> pupal stage ---> mature adult
60
Describe the segmented bodies of myriapodas
all segments are identical EXCEPT for the anterior end
| - they legs on nearly all segments
61
Are myriapodas terrestrial or aquatic?
terrestrial
62
Give an example(s) of myriapodas.
centipedes and millipedes
63
Differentiate centipedes and millipedes in terms of physical appearance and what type of feeders they are
```
centipedes = 1 pair of legs/segment and they are carnivores
millipedes = 2 pairs of legs/segment and they are herbivores
```
64
are cheliceriformes terrestrial or aquatic?
mostly terrestrial
65
Give an example(s) of cheliceriformes.
spiders and scorpions
66
Describe the body of cheliceriformes
1) They have a cephalothorax = fused head and thorax)
| 2) abdomen
67
The cephalothorax of cheliceriformes contain?
4 pairs of walking legs and 8 simple eyes (mostly)
68
Does the cephalothorax of cheliceriformes have an antenna?
no
69
Describe the abdomen of cheliceriformes (arthropods)
some have poison to paralyze their prey
70
What do spiders have to paralyze their prey?
they have fangs
71
What do scorpions have to paralyze their prey?
they have a stinger on end of tail
72
Are crustaceans (arthropods) aquatic or terrestrial?
Almost all of them are aquatic
73
How big are crustaceans?
1 mm - 4 m
74
Give examples of crustaceans
- crabs
- shrimp
- lobster
- water fleas
75
What kind of feeders are crustaceans?
1) the microscopic ones eat algae therefore they are herbivores
2) the larger ones are predators/scavengers
76
Describe the segmented body of crustaceans
they are often all fused
| - some have a cephalothorax and separate abdomen
77
Describe the appendages of crustaceans. how many are present and how are they modified?
- 5 or more pairs
| - they are modified according to function (eg. swimming walking, feeding, sperm transfer, defense, attracting mate)
78
Describe the head of crustaceans. What does it have?
2 compound eyes and 2 pairs of antennae
79
What helps crustaceans manipulate their food?
lateral jaws and palps
80
Some crustaceans such as barnacles secrete?
an extra casing of calcium carbonate around their exoskeleton
81
Are echinoderms aquatic or terrestrial?
aquatic
82
Where do echinoderms live?
in the ocean because they are marine animals
83
Explain the body symmetry of echinoderms
1) in their early stages they are considered bilaterally symmetrical BUT as they grow up to be adults, they become radially symmetrical
84
Are adult echinoderms sessile or motile?
slowmoving/sessile
85
Are larval echinoderms motile or sessile?
motile
86
What is embedded in skin of echinoderms?
calcium carbonate endoskeleton
87
Describe the body of echinoderms.
- no segmentations and head
88
The body parts of adult echinoderms are usually in?
5
89
What body system do echinoderms have? What does it do? What does this mean?
- a water vascular system
- which is a network of canals which let water to enter them and force them out through tube feet
- they are filter feeders
90
The tube feet of echinoderms are used for?
locomotion and food capture
91
Where is the mouth of echinoderms found?
ventral surface
92
Where is the anus of echinoderms found?
dorsal surface
93
What are three classes of the phylum echinoderms?
1) Asteroidea
2) Echinoidea
3) Holothuroidea
94
Give an example of an asteroidea (echinoderm)
seastars
95
Give an example of an echinoidea (echinoderm)
sea urchins
96
Give an example of a holothuroidea (echinoderm)
sea cucumber
97
what is the common appearance of an asteroidea (echinoderm)
5 arms on central disc
98
What is the common appearance of an echinoidea?
spherical, spine attached to a test
99
What is the common appearance of a holothuroidea?
softer elongated bodies
100
Chordates are defined by?
1) dorsal hollow nerve cord
2) notochord
3) pharyngeal fill slits
4) post anal tail
101
What is the dorsal hollow nerve cord found in chordates?
tube of nerve tissue
102
What is the notochord found in chordates?
a flexible, supportive rod that runs the length of the body dorsally
103
What is the pharyngeal gill slits?
slits in the pharynx which are part of the digestive tract
104
What is the post anal tail found in chordates?
a muscular tail that extends beyond the rest of the body
105
What are the tree subphyla of the phylum chordata?
1) Urochordata
2) Cephalochordata
3) Craniata
106
Are adult urochordates sessile or motile?
essile
107
what kind of feeders are adult urochordates?
filter feeders
108
Describe the body of an adult urochordate
a sac with incurrent and excurrent siphons
109
What are the pharyngeal gill slits for in urochordates?
for filter feeding
110
Give some examples of urochordates
sea squirts or tunicates
111
Where do cephalocordates live?
in sand of marine environments
112
Are cephalochordates sessile or motile?
motile
113
What type of feeders are cephalocordates?
filter feeders
114
In younger developmental stages, what do craniatas have (chordates)
all four chordate features
115
What do craniates (chordates) have around their brain?
protective structure called a skull
116
What do craniates (chordates) have to protect their dorsal hollow nerve cord? What does this mean?
a vertebral column
| - they are vertebrates
117
In the craniata (chordates) the brain is the anterior end of the dorsal hollow nerve cord. True or Fase
True
118
In adult craniates describe the notochord remnants
it exists gelatinous disk between vertebrae
119
When do pharyngeal slits exists in the life cycle of craniates?
during early developmental stages
120
Describe the tail of craniates (chordates) in adults
they are either absent or reduced
121
Do craniates (chordates) have body segmentation and endoskeleton?
Yes
122
Do craniates (chordates) have appendages? If so, give examples.
Yes
| - fins, tails, wings
123
List the 6 most common classes of the subphylum craniata (chordates).
1) Agnatha
2) Chondrichthyes
3) Osteichthyes
4) Amphibia
5) Reptilia
6) Mammalia
124
agnathas are also called?
jawless fish
125
Are agnathas aquatic or terrestrial?
aquatic
126
Where do agnathas (chordates --> craniates) live?
in fresh water and marine environments
127
Explain the anatomy of agnathas.
They have a cranium but not hinge jaws or fins
128
Describe the skeleton present in jawless fishes
flexible cartilaginous skeleton
129
What kind of feeders are agnathas?
parasites
130
How do agnathas eat?
by clamping their mouth into side of host
131
Give an example of an agnatha?
lampreys
132
Chondrichthyes are also called?
cartilaginous fishes
133
Are Chondrichthyes aquatic or terrestrial??
aquatic
134
Where do chondrichthyes live?
in marine environments
135
Describe the anatomy of chondricthyes (chordates --> craniata)
they have hinge jaws and fins
136
Describe the skeleton of chondrichthyes
They have a flexible cartilaginous skeleton
137
What's special with the skeleton of condrichthyes?
they are often impregnated with calcium
138
Describe the gills of chondrichtyes.
They open directly to the outside
139
What type of feeders are chondrichthyes.
many are predators and powerful swimmer but the largest ones are suspension feeders
140
What's an example of a chondrichthyes?
shark
141
Osteichthyes (chordates --> craniates) are also called?
bony fishes
142
Are osteichthyes aquatic or terrestrial?
aquatic
143
Where do osteichthyes live?
in freshwater and marine environments
144
What is the most diverse group of vertebrates?
osteichthyes
145
Describe the skeleton of osteicthyes.
bony skeleton of calcium phosphate
146
Describe the gills of osteichthyes.
They are covered by a bony plate called operculum
147
What is an operculum
a bony plate that protects the gills of osteicthyes
148
The lungs in most osteichthyes have been?
Converted into swimming bladder
149
What do osteichthyes have to aid buoyancy
gases
150
Give some examples of osteichthyes.
1) tuna
2) salmon
3) perch
151
Are amphibians aquatic or terrestrial?
- both but some are strictly restricted to one or the other
152
How do amphibians?
1) through gills, lungs and skin
153
What are the first land vertebrates?
amphibians
154
What are amphibians sensitive to?
pollutants
155
What are examples of amphibians?
frogs, toads, salamanders
156
The class reptilia from the subphylum craniate of the phylum chordata include?
reptiles and birds
157
Are reptillias aquatic or terrestrial
- some are both, some are aquatic, some are terrestrial but most of them are better adapted to land
158
Explain the body coverings of reptilias
they have a body covering of lungs and keratin
159
What is special with reptilias?
they lay eggs
160
Describe the eggs reptilias lay?
they are water-resistant amniotic eggs with 4 extra-embryonic membranes
161
What is the purpose of the 4 extra amniotic membranes in an egg?
to protect the developing embryo
162
What are the four amniotic membranes?
1) amnion
2) yolk sac
3) allantois
4) chorion
163
In an amniotic egg, what does the amnion membrane do?
surrounds the embryo
164
In an amniotic egg, what does the yolk sac do?
contain nutrients
165
In an amniotic egg, what does the allantois do?
it collects wastes
166
In an amniotic egg, what does the chorion
works with the allantois and helps embryo acquire O2 and eliminate CO2
167
What does the albumen (in an amniotic egg) contain?
water and nutrients
168
what kind of feeders are reptiles?
carnivorous predators (most)
169
Describe the eggs of reptiles.
They have a leathery covering
170
The skin of reptiles are covered in?
keratinized scales
171
Are reptiles ectothermic or endothermic? What does this mean
ectothermic meaning they get heat from their environment
172
Most birds can fly. True or False
True
173
Feathers of birds are made of?
keratin
174
The beaks and bills of birds are made of?
keratin
175
Describe the eggs of birds
they have hard shells containing calcium
176
Are birds endothermic or ectothermic? What does this mean
endothermic. It means that heat is generated mainly from the body
177
Do birds have small or large brains?
Large
178
Birds have poor eyesight. True of False
False
179
What are examples of reptilia
- birds
- lizards
- snakes
- crocodiles
- turtles
180
are mammals aquatic or terrestrial?
most are terrestrial but some are aquatic
181
What is the larges living mammal. How big is it?
blue whale, 30 m long
182
The hair of mammals are made of?
keratin
183
Are mammal ectotherm or endotherm?
endotherm
184
what special gland do mammals have?
mammary glands that produce milk
185
What are monotremes mammals?
mammals that lay eggs and their young feeds off the milk from their mothers hair
186
What are marsupial mammals?
mammals that have pouches attached to their nipples where their offspring completes its development
187
What are eutherian mammals?
mammals that give birth to a fully developed offspring
188
What are the different kinds of mammals?
1) monotremes
2) marsupials
3) eutherians
189
Give an example of a monotreme
platypus
190
Give an example of a marsupial
kangaroo
191
give an example of an eutherian.
placental mammal (humans)
192
Which animal phyla are coelomates
```
mollusks
annelids
arthropods
echinoderms
chordates
```
193
Which animal phyla are filter feeders?
annelids (polychaetes)
echinoderms
chordates (urochordata, cephalochordata, chondrichthyes)
