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chapter 20&21 Flashcards

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0
Q

Describe the body of molluscs

A
  • they are soft and most of them are covered with a calcium carbonate shell
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1
Q

How common are molluscs?

A

fairly common over 150,000 species

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2
Q

What is the basic body plan of molluscs?

A

1) single muscular foot
2) visceral mass = contains most of its internal organs and true coelom
3) mantle = covers the viscera and secrets shell

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3
Q

Are molluscs eumetozoans?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What body cavity is present in molluscs?

A

coelom

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5
Q

What is the visceral mass found in molluscs?

A

it contains most of their internal organs including the coelom

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6
Q

Describe the mantles of molluscs

A

It covers all of the viscera and secretes calcium carbonate to make the shell

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7
Q

What are three main classes of molluscs

A

1) gastropoda
2) bivalvia
3) cephalopoda

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8
Q

What are gastopodas? Where do they live? Describe their body? What of feeders are there? Give examples.

A

a class of molluscs that live in water and land

  • they have a spiral shell (most)
  • they are herbivores mostly, and scrape algae off with their radula
  • eg. snails, slugs
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9
Q

What makes it possible for gastropods (molluscs) to eat?

A

their radula

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10
Q

Describe the bivalvias. Where do they live? Describe their body? What of feeders are there? Give an example

A
  • a class of molluscs that live in water
  • they have a shell with two halves
  • and filter feeders (mostly)
  • clam and mussels
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11
Q

Describe the cephalopodas. Where do they live? Describe their body? What of feeders are there? Give an example.

A
  • they live in water. (aquatic and marine)
  • food is modified into tentacles with suckers
  • they are predators
  • octopi, squid
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12
Q

What is modified in cephalopods?

A

foot is modified into tentacles with suckers

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13
Q

The animals in the phylum annelida are also called?

A

segmented worms

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14
Q

How long are phylum annelids?

A

1 mm - 3 mm

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15
Q

Are annelids aquatic or terrestrial?

A

both

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16
Q

Are segmented worms, scavengers, decomposer, free living or parasites?

A

scavengers and decomposers

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17
Q

Do molluscs have a body cavity? If so, what does this mean in terms of tissue layers? What body cavity is present?

A

Yes

  • they are eumetozoans
  • a true coelom
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18
Q

Describe the body of segmented worms.

A

They have many segments and some organs are repeated in each segment

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19
Q

What are the different classes of annelids

A

1) oligochaeta
2) polychaeta
3) hirudinea

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20
Q

Oligochaetes are also known as?

A
  • terrestrial segmented worms
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21
Q

Give an example of an oligochaete.

A

earthworm

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22
Q

What do do oligochaetes have on each segments of their body?

A

a FEW bristles/stae

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23
Q

Oligochaetes are excellent ________. They are important in _________ and _________

A
  • burrowers
  • soil aeration
  • decomposition of dead plant material
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24
Q

Where do polychaetes live?

A

in the ocean therefore they are marine animals

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25
Q

Are polychaetes (annelids) scavengers, predators, decomposers, filter-feeders?

A

some are predators, others are scavengers and filter feeders

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26
Q

Describe the body of polychaetes?

A

Each segment has many bristles/setae and 2 parapodia

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27
Q

Parapodias are present in polychaetes, what do they do?

A

they function for swimming, crawling, feeding, and as gills

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28
Q

Give an example of hirudineans.

A

leeches

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29
Q

where do hirudineans live?

A

wet places because they dry out very easily

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30
Q

What kind of feeders are hirudineans?

A

most are scavengers and carnivores (but only a few are blood sucking)

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31
Q

Describe the body of hirudineans?

A
  • they are somewhat flattened
  • they lack bristles/setea, and parapodia
  • they have 2 suckers, one posterior and one anterior
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32
Q

How long are hirudineans?

A

1 - 30 cm long

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33
Q

How do hirudineans feed?

A

by making a slit with their blade-like jaw and releasing enzyme

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34
Q

Aside from secretion of enzyme, what do hirudineans secrete?

A

anesthetic

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35
Q

In blood sucking hirudineans, what do they release?

A

they release an anticoagulant called hirudin which is used for medical purposes

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36
Q

How many species of the phylum arthropods are alive up to this day?

A

9 - 100 million species

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37
Q

How many species of arthropods have been successfully named?

A

about 1 million

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38
Q

Are arthropods aquatic or terrestrial?

A

both

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39
Q

Describe the body of arthropods.

A

1) jointed appendages
2) segmented bodies
3) chitinous exoskeleton

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40
Q

How are jointed appendages in arthropods modified?

A

According to function

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41
Q

In terrestrial arthropods, what does the chitinous exoskeleton do?

A

slow down water loss

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42
Q

Describe the segmented body of arthropods.

A

Some are fused together

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43
Q

how many sub phylum exist in the phylum arthropods.

A

4

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44
Q

what are the different subphylum of arthropods?

A

1) hexapoda
2) myriapoda
3) cheliceriformes
4) crustacea

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45
Q

70% of the identified species in the subphylum hexapoda (arthropods) are?

A

insects

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46
Q

How many insect species are there?

A

30 million

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47
Q

What are the 3 main body parts of hexapods

A

1) head
2) thorax
3) abdomen

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48
Q

The head of hexapods have?

A

a single pair of antennae

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49
Q

The thorax of hexapods have?

A

3 pairs of walking legs

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50
Q

Describe the eyes of hexapods

A

Usually they have 2 compound eyes but sometimes SEVERAL simple eyes

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51
Q

Many hexapods have wings and fly. True or False

A

True

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52
Q

The life cycles of insects are usually described as being?

A

1) incomplete metamorphosis

2) complete metamorphosis

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53
Q

What is an incomplete metamorphosis of hexapods.

A

the egg hatches into a nymph (miniature of the adult) and grows larger until it’s adult size

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54
Q

What insect goes through an incomplete metamorphosis?

A

grasshopper

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55
Q

What is a complete metamorphosis insect life cycle?

A

a life cycle that facilitates complete body form changes

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56
Q

What insect(s) goes through a complete metamorphosis?

A

beetles, flies and butterflies

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57
Q

In terms complete metamorphosis insect life cycle, do the larva and adult eat the same thing?

A

no

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58
Q

What is the metamorphosing stage in a complete metamorphosis insect life cycle? Does the organism eat in this stage?

A

pupal stage

- no

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59
Q

In simple form, recite the complete metamorphosis insect life cycle

A

fertilized egg –> larval stage –> pupal stage —> mature adult

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60
Q

Describe the segmented bodies of myriapodas

A

all segments are identical EXCEPT for the anterior end

- they legs on nearly all segments

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61
Q

Are myriapodas terrestrial or aquatic?

A

terrestrial

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62
Q

Give an example(s) of myriapodas.

A

centipedes and millipedes

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63
Q

Differentiate centipedes and millipedes in terms of physical appearance and what type of feeders they are

A 
centipedes = 1 pair of legs/segment and they are carnivores 
millipedes = 2 pairs of legs/segment and they are herbivores
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64
Q

are cheliceriformes terrestrial or aquatic?

A

mostly terrestrial

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65
Q

Give an example(s) of cheliceriformes.

A

spiders and scorpions

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66
Q

Describe the body of cheliceriformes

A

1) They have a cephalothorax = fused head and thorax)

2) abdomen

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67
Q

The cephalothorax of cheliceriformes contain?

A

4 pairs of walking legs and 8 simple eyes (mostly)

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68
Q

Does the cephalothorax of cheliceriformes have an antenna?

A

no

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69
Q

Describe the abdomen of cheliceriformes (arthropods)

A

some have poison to paralyze their prey

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70
Q

What do spiders have to paralyze their prey?

A

they have fangs

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71
Q

What do scorpions have to paralyze their prey?

A

they have a stinger on end of tail

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72
Q

Are crustaceans (arthropods) aquatic or terrestrial?

A

Almost all of them are aquatic

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73
Q

How big are crustaceans?

A

1 mm - 4 m

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74
Q

Give examples of crustaceans

A
  • crabs
  • shrimp
  • lobster
  • water fleas
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75
Q

What kind of feeders are crustaceans?

A

1) the microscopic ones eat algae therefore they are herbivores
2) the larger ones are predators/scavengers

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76
Q

Describe the segmented body of crustaceans

A

they are often all fused

- some have a cephalothorax and separate abdomen

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77
Q

Describe the appendages of crustaceans. how many are present and how are they modified?

A
  • 5 or more pairs

- they are modified according to function (eg. swimming walking, feeding, sperm transfer, defense, attracting mate)

78
Q

Describe the head of crustaceans. What does it have?

A

2 compound eyes and 2 pairs of antennae

79
Q

What helps crustaceans manipulate their food?

A

lateral jaws and palps

80
Q

Some crustaceans such as barnacles secrete?

A

an extra casing of calcium carbonate around their exoskeleton

81
Q

Are echinoderms aquatic or terrestrial?

A

aquatic

82
Q

Where do echinoderms live?

A

in the ocean because they are marine animals

83
Q

Explain the body symmetry of echinoderms

A

1) in their early stages they are considered bilaterally symmetrical BUT as they grow up to be adults, they become radially symmetrical

84
Q

Are adult echinoderms sessile or motile?

A

slowmoving/sessile

85
Q

Are larval echinoderms motile or sessile?

A

motile

86
Q

What is embedded in skin of echinoderms?

A

calcium carbonate endoskeleton

87
Q

Describe the body of echinoderms.

A
  • no segmentations and head
88
Q

The body parts of adult echinoderms are usually in?

A

5

89
Q

What body system do echinoderms have? What does it do? What does this mean?

A
  • a water vascular system
  • which is a network of canals which let water to enter them and force them out through tube feet
  • they are filter feeders
90
Q

The tube feet of echinoderms are used for?

A

locomotion and food capture

91
Q

Where is the mouth of echinoderms found?

A

ventral surface

92
Q

Where is the anus of echinoderms found?

A

dorsal surface

93
Q

What are three classes of the phylum echinoderms?

A

1) Asteroidea
2) Echinoidea
3) Holothuroidea

94
Q

Give an example of an asteroidea (echinoderm)

A

seastars

95
Q

Give an example of an echinoidea (echinoderm)

A

sea urchins

96
Q

Give an example of a holothuroidea (echinoderm)

A

sea cucumber

97
Q

what is the common appearance of an asteroidea (echinoderm)

A

5 arms on central disc

98
Q

What is the common appearance of an echinoidea?

A

spherical, spine attached to a test

99
Q

What is the common appearance of a holothuroidea?

A

softer elongated bodies

100
Q

Chordates are defined by?

A

1) dorsal hollow nerve cord
2) notochord
3) pharyngeal fill slits
4) post anal tail

101
Q

What is the dorsal hollow nerve cord found in chordates?

A

tube of nerve tissue

102
Q

What is the notochord found in chordates?

A

a flexible, supportive rod that runs the length of the body dorsally

103
Q

What is the pharyngeal gill slits?

A

slits in the pharynx which are part of the digestive tract

104
Q

What is the post anal tail found in chordates?

A

a muscular tail that extends beyond the rest of the body

105
Q

What are the tree subphyla of the phylum chordata?

A

1) Urochordata
2) Cephalochordata
3) Craniata

106
Q

Are adult urochordates sessile or motile?

A

essile

107
Q

what kind of feeders are adult urochordates?

A

filter feeders

108
Q

Describe the body of an adult urochordate

A

a sac with incurrent and excurrent siphons

109
Q

What are the pharyngeal gill slits for in urochordates?

A

for filter feeding

110
Q

Give some examples of urochordates

A

sea squirts or tunicates

111
Q

Where do cephalocordates live?

A

in sand of marine environments

112
Q

Are cephalochordates sessile or motile?

A

motile

113
Q

What type of feeders are cephalocordates?

A

filter feeders

114
Q

In younger developmental stages, what do craniatas have (chordates)

A

all four chordate features

115
Q

What do craniates (chordates) have around their brain?

A

protective structure called a skull

116
Q

What do craniates (chordates) have to protect their dorsal hollow nerve cord? What does this mean?

A

a vertebral column

- they are vertebrates

117
Q

In the craniata (chordates) the brain is the anterior end of the dorsal hollow nerve cord. True or Fase

A

True

118
Q

In adult craniates describe the notochord remnants

A

it exists gelatinous disk between vertebrae

119
Q

When do pharyngeal slits exists in the life cycle of craniates?

A

during early developmental stages

120
Q

Describe the tail of craniates (chordates) in adults

A

they are either absent or reduced

121
Q

Do craniates (chordates) have body segmentation and endoskeleton?

A

Yes

122
Q

Do craniates (chordates) have appendages? If so, give examples.

A

Yes

- fins, tails, wings

123
Q

List the 6 most common classes of the subphylum craniata (chordates).

A

1) Agnatha
2) Chondrichthyes
3) Osteichthyes
4) Amphibia
5) Reptilia
6) Mammalia

124
Q

agnathas are also called?

A

jawless fish

125
Q

Are agnathas aquatic or terrestrial?

A

aquatic

126
Q

Where do agnathas (chordates –> craniates) live?

A

in fresh water and marine environments

127
Q

Explain the anatomy of agnathas.

A

They have a cranium but not hinge jaws or fins

128
Q

Describe the skeleton present in jawless fishes

A

flexible cartilaginous skeleton

129
Q

What kind of feeders are agnathas?

A

parasites

130
Q

How do agnathas eat?

A

by clamping their mouth into side of host

131
Q

Give an example of an agnatha?

A

lampreys

132
Q

Chondrichthyes are also called?

A

cartilaginous fishes

133
Q

Are Chondrichthyes aquatic or terrestrial??

A

aquatic

134
Q

Where do chondrichthyes live?

A

in marine environments

135
Q

Describe the anatomy of chondricthyes (chordates –> craniata)

A

they have hinge jaws and fins

136
Q

Describe the skeleton of chondrichthyes

A

They have a flexible cartilaginous skeleton

137
Q

What’s special with the skeleton of condrichthyes?

A

they are often impregnated with calcium

138
Q

Describe the gills of chondrichtyes.

A

They open directly to the outside

139
Q

What type of feeders are chondrichthyes.

A

many are predators and powerful swimmer but the largest ones are suspension feeders

140
Q

What’s an example of a chondrichthyes?

A

shark

141
Q

Osteichthyes (chordates –> craniates) are also called?

A

bony fishes

142
Q

Are osteichthyes aquatic or terrestrial?

A

aquatic

143
Q

Where do osteichthyes live?

A

in freshwater and marine environments

144
Q

What is the most diverse group of vertebrates?

A

osteichthyes

145
Q

Describe the skeleton of osteicthyes.

A

bony skeleton of calcium phosphate

146
Q

Describe the gills of osteichthyes.

A

They are covered by a bony plate called operculum

147
Q

What is an operculum

A

a bony plate that protects the gills of osteicthyes

148
Q

The lungs in most osteichthyes have been?

A

Converted into swimming bladder

149
Q

What do osteichthyes have to aid buoyancy

A

gases

150
Q

Give some examples of osteichthyes.

A

1) tuna
2) salmon
3) perch

151
Q

Are amphibians aquatic or terrestrial?

A
  • both but some are strictly restricted to one or the other
152
Q

How do amphibians?

A

1) through gills, lungs and skin

153
Q

What are the first land vertebrates?

A

amphibians

154
Q

What are amphibians sensitive to?

A

pollutants

155
Q

What are examples of amphibians?

A

frogs, toads, salamanders

156
Q

The class reptilia from the subphylum craniate of the phylum chordata include?

A

reptiles and birds

157
Q

Are reptillias aquatic or terrestrial

A
  • some are both, some are aquatic, some are terrestrial but most of them are better adapted to land
158
Q

Explain the body coverings of reptilias

A

they have a body covering of lungs and keratin

159
Q

What is special with reptilias?

A

they lay eggs

160
Q

Describe the eggs reptilias lay?

A

they are water-resistant amniotic eggs with 4 extra-embryonic membranes

161
Q

What is the purpose of the 4 extra amniotic membranes in an egg?

A

to protect the developing embryo

162
Q

What are the four amniotic membranes?

A

1) amnion
2) yolk sac
3) allantois
4) chorion

163
Q

In an amniotic egg, what does the amnion membrane do?

A

surrounds the embryo

164
Q

In an amniotic egg, what does the yolk sac do?

A

contain nutrients

165
Q

In an amniotic egg, what does the allantois do?

A

it collects wastes

166
Q

In an amniotic egg, what does the chorion

A

works with the allantois and helps embryo acquire O2 and eliminate CO2

167
Q

What does the albumen (in an amniotic egg) contain?

A

water and nutrients

168
Q

what kind of feeders are reptiles?

A

carnivorous predators (most)

169
Q

Describe the eggs of reptiles.

A

They have a leathery covering

170
Q

The skin of reptiles are covered in?

A

keratinized scales

171
Q

Are reptiles ectothermic or endothermic? What does this mean

A

ectothermic meaning they get heat from their environment

172
Q

Most birds can fly. True or False

A

True

173
Q

Feathers of birds are made of?

A

keratin

174
Q

The beaks and bills of birds are made of?

A

keratin

175
Q

Describe the eggs of birds

A

they have hard shells containing calcium

176
Q

Are birds endothermic or ectothermic? What does this mean

A

endothermic. It means that heat is generated mainly from the body

177
Q

Do birds have small or large brains?

A

Large

178
Q

Birds have poor eyesight. True of False

A

False

179
Q

What are examples of reptilia

A
  • birds
  • lizards
  • snakes
  • crocodiles
  • turtles
180
Q

are mammals aquatic or terrestrial?

A

most are terrestrial but some are aquatic

181
Q

What is the larges living mammal. How big is it?

A

blue whale, 30 m long

182
Q

The hair of mammals are made of?

A

keratin

183
Q

Are mammal ectotherm or endotherm?

A

endotherm

184
Q

what special gland do mammals have?

A

mammary glands that produce milk

185
Q

What are monotremes mammals?

A

mammals that lay eggs and their young feeds off the milk from their mothers hair

186
Q

What are marsupial mammals?

A

mammals that have pouches attached to their nipples where their offspring completes its development

187
Q

What are eutherian mammals?

A

mammals that give birth to a fully developed offspring

188
Q

What are the different kinds of mammals?

A

1) monotremes
2) marsupials
3) eutherians

189
Q

Give an example of a monotreme

A

platypus

190
Q

Give an example of a marsupial

A

kangaroo

191
Q

give an example of an eutherian.

A

placental mammal (humans)

192
Q

Which animal phyla are coelomates

A 
mollusks 
annelids 
arthropods 
echinoderms 
chordates
193
Q

Which animal phyla are filter feeders?

A

annelids (polychaetes)
echinoderms
chordates (urochordata, cephalochordata, chondrichthyes)

Biology (9 decks)

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