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Biology > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Each type of plant organ is made up of what?

A

complex tissues = made up of different types of cells

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1
Q

What are the organs of a true plant?

A

roots, leaves, stems

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2
Q

Label the parts of plant?

A

Did you get it right?

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3
Q

How does the plant absorb water and minerals?

A

Via root hairs

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4
Q

What are root hairs?

A

Unicellular, tubular outgrowth from the epidermal cell which increase the surface area for absorption

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5
Q

Aside from absorbing water and minerals, what else does the root do?

A

anchors plant in place.

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6
Q

What is the root apical meristem?

A

a region of cell division (mitosis) which continuously add new cells to the root

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7
Q

In what direction do roots grow?

A

downward

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8
Q

what is the function of the stem?

A

to support leaves and flowers

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9
Q

Are the branches and trunk of a tree considered stems?

A

yes

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10
Q

what is a node?

A

the place where a leaf attaches to the stem

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11
Q

What is an internode?

A

the gap between two successive nodes

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12
Q

What is found above each node?

A

axillary bud

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13
Q

What is an axillary bud?

A
  • a bud found above a node that is usually dormant but can potentially grow into a new branch
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14
Q

what is the shoot apical meristem (SAM)?

A
  • a region of dividing cells that continuously add cells to the shoot system
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15
Q

What happens if the SAM is damaged?

A

one of the axillary buds can take over

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16
Q

In what direction do shoots grow?

A

upward

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17
Q

In a true plant, where does photosynthesis usually occur?

A

on the leaves

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18
Q

What are leaves usually made up of?

A

a blade and a petiole

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19
Q

What is the leaf called when it just has a blade?

A

a sessile leaf

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20
Q

What are the two types of leaves?

A

simple leaves and compound leaves

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21
Q

What are are simple leaves?

A

Blade is in one section

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22
Q

What are compound leaves?

A

Blades are divided into sections which can either be pinnate or palmate

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23
Q

Compare palmate compound leaves and pinnate compound leaves?

A

palmate = resembles a palm

pinnate = 2 columns of leaves.

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24
Q

What are the different types of leave arrangements?

A
  • alternate
  • opposite
  • whorled
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25
Q

What are the different types of tissue system in a true plant?

A

1) Dermal tissue system
2) Vascular tissue system
3) Ground tissue system

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26
Q

The Dermal tissue is also called the ______

A

epidermis

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27
Q

What is the dermal tissue system responsible for?

A

do cover and protect exterior of all organs

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28
Q

How many layers are present in the dermal tissue system?

A

one BUT maybe multilayered if additional protection is needed eg. cactus

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29
Q

What is included in the dermal tissue system?

A

guard cells and root hairs

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30
Q

What is the vascular tissue system responsible for?

A
  • support

- to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant

31
Q

What is the vascular tissue system composed of?

A

the xylem and phloem

32
Q

What is the xylem responsible for?

A
  • it transports the water and minerals taken up by the roots to other parts of the plant
33
Q

what type of flow is the xylem acting on?

A

unidirectional flow

34
Q

What is the phloem responsible for?

A
  • for transporting sugars to others parts of the plant that need them
  • it also transports some hormones, minerals and other nutrients
35
Q

What flow is the phloem acting on?

A

a bidirectional flow

36
Q

What is the ground tissue system responsible for?

A
  • for bulking up the plant by filling the spaces between the dermal tissue and the vascular tissue
  • functions also vary
37
Q

What is the ground tissue system responsible for in the leaves and stems of cacti?

A

photosynthesis

38
Q

What is the ground tissue system responsible for in the stems of cacti and succulent leaves?

A
  • water storage
39
Q

What is the ground tissue system responsible for in carrot roots and potato tuber?

A

starch storage

40
Q

What is the the ground system responsible for in the stems and celery petioles?

A
  • support
41
Q

In carrots, how are the roots modified?

A

For starch storage

42
Q

In strawberries what parts are modified?

A

The stolons/runners are horizontal and become the above-ground stem

43
Q

What part is modified in ginger.

A

The rhizoids = they become horizontal and below ground stems

44
Q

In potatoes, what is modified?

A

The tubers are below ground stems modified for starch storage

45
Q

What is modified in cacti plants?

A
  • the leaves are modified to become spines
46
Q

what is modified in peas?

A
  • the leaves are modified to become tendrils
47
Q

What is modified in grapes?

A
  • The stem is modified to become tendrils
48
Q

what is modified in the mexican hat plant?

A

the reproductives leaves with plantlets on edge

49
Q

What is modified in celery, bock choy, rhubarb?

A

enlarged petioles

50
Q

Flowers are modified ______

A

leaves

51
Q

What are the two main groups of flowering plants?

A

monocots and dicots

52
Q

To distinguish monocots and dicots, what characteristics are examined?

A

1) number of cotyledons
2) leaf venation pattern
3) arrangement of vascular tissue in stem
4) number of floral parts
5) type of roots system

53
Q

Compare and contrast monocots and dicots in terms of the 5 characteristics.

A

1) number of cotyledon
- monocot = 1
- dicot = 2

2) venation leaf pattern
- monocot = parallel
- dicot = branches

3) arrangement of vascular system in stem
- monocot = complex arrangement
- dicot = ring arrangement

4) number of floral parts
- monocots = petals are in multiples of 3
- dicots = petals are in multiple of 4 or 5

5) type of root system
- monocot = fibrous roots
- dicot = taproot is usually present

54
Q

What type of growth do plants have?

A

indeterminate growth which is different from the determinate growth of animals

55
Q

What are the 3 basic types of plant growth?

A
  • annuals
  • biennials
  • perennials
56
Q

What is the annual plant growth?

A
  • it takes one growing season for the plant to complete its life cycle
57
Q

What is the biennial plant growth?

A
  • it takes two growing seasons for the plant to complete its life cycle
58
Q

What is the perennial plant growth?

A
  • the plant can live and grow for many years and produce many crops of seeds
59
Q

What is a meristem?

A

regions of tissue in plants that retain the ability to divide indefinitely.

60
Q

What are the two types of meristem?

A

apical and lateral

61
Q

What is apical meristem? Give examples

A
  • it causes growth in length of a plant

- shoot apical meristem & root apical meristem

62
Q

Primary growth is another name for?

A

apical meristem growth

63
Q

What is the lateral meristem? Give examples

A
  • it causes growth in girth

- vascular cambium and cork cambium

64
Q

Secondary growth is also another name for?

A

lateral meristem growth

65
Q

Describe the primary growth in roots

A
  • cells divide and enlarge (lengthens)
  • once the new cells finish enlarging, the cells can divide again
  • the cells behind the root apical meristem elongates push the root downwards
66
Q

What is a root cap?

A

it protects the tip of the root

67
Q

Indicate the parts of the root involved in primary growth on the diagram?

A

did you get it right?

68
Q

Describe the primary growth in shoots

A
  • the cells divide and enlarges (lengthens)
  • once the cell finishes enlarging, it can divide again
  • the cells behind the shoot apical meristem elongates and pushes the shoot upwards.
  • young leaves hover over the tip of the shoot for protection and they finish developing further back from the tip.
69
Q

What type of plants experience secondary growth?

A

woody plants

70
Q

What happens in secondary growth?

A
  • cells divide and pushes cells towards the outside or the inside of that organ’s diameter.
  • the vascular cambium:
    • produces secondary xylem towards the inside of the diameter
    • produces secondary phloem towards the outside of the diameter (inner bark)
  • the cork cambium
    • produces cork towards the outside of the diameter (outer bark) and replaces the epidermis in woody plant parts
71
Q

What is the tallest tree in the world? How tall and where are they found?

A
  • giant coastal redwood (sequoia sempervirens)
  • 115 m tall and over
  • northern california
72
Q

The science of analyzing tree ring growth factor is called?

A

dendrochronology

73
Q

What can the ring growth in trees be used of?

A
  • for aging the trees (finding out how old they are)

- can be used to infer past weather patterns

74
Q

When weather is favourable during growth season, what happens with ring width?

A
  • grows wider
75
Q

When weather is not favourable during growing season, what happens with ring width?

A
  • it grows narrower
76
Q

Why cant barks be used for rings?

A
  • rings are not as obvious in bark

- some bark generally gets lost each year

Biology (9 decks)

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