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Biology > Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is required in photosynthesis

A

water, light (energy), carbon dioxide (inorganic) and other inorganic materials

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1
Q

Plants photosynthesize. In other words they are called?

A

photoautotrophs

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2
Q

What do plants make with CO2

A

they make organic compounds like sugar and proteins

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3
Q

When a plant increases in size. Most of it’s mass is from?

A

CO2

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4
Q

What is the waste product of photosynthesis?

A

O2

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5
Q

Where do dissolved minerals and water enter the plant?

A

Roots

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6
Q

When oxygen enters the roots, what comes out?

A

CO2

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7
Q

What enters the plants through its leaves(stomata)? and what leaves?

A
  • CO2

- O2

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8
Q

Where does water vapor exit (transpiration)?

A
  • stomata
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9
Q

Where do the produced sugars go?

A

throughout the plant via phloem

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10
Q

All substances entering the root are dissolved in?

A

water

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11
Q

What increases the root’s absorptive surface?

A

root hairs

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12
Q

How can water and solutes enter the epidermis and ground tissue?

A

Through the cells, between the cells OR a combination of both routes

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13
Q

Once the water is in the xylem, where does it go?

A

to the stem and leaves

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14
Q

What force pushes water up?

A
  • pressure in the roots (root pressure)
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15
Q

For tall trees, what makes the upward movement of water easier?

A
  • the column of water many meters high inside the tree.
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16
Q

What makes the water column’s presence in the tree possible?

A
  • due to cohesion = attraction between water molecules

- due to adhesion = water molecules are attracted to the walls of the cells in the xylem

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17
Q

The process of losing water vapor via stomata is called?

A

transpiration

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18
Q

What else occurs from the entire surface of plant?

A

evaporation

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19
Q

What is the term used for the total loss of water in plant?

A

evapotranspiration

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20
Q

Why is transpiration called the “necessary evil”

A

because it pulls water and dissolved minerals up the xylem

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21
Q

To make up for water loss in the leaves, what does the plant do?

A
  • the root takes up the water from the soil to replace it
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22
Q

The opening and closing of the stoma is controlled by the?

A

the two cells on its side also called the guard cells

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23
Q

What causes the stomata to open?

A
  • when the guard cells gain water, they become turgid or swollen, and becomes more curvy. As a result, the stomata opens
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24
Q

What causes the stomata to close?

A
  • when the guard cells lose water they become flaccid and less curving. As a result, the stomata closes.
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25
Q

Where does sugar movement occur?

A

phloem

26
Q

What is the difference between a source and a sink?

A
  • source = creates sugar

- sink = uses sugar

27
Q

Give examples of a source?

A
  • photosynthesis in leaves

- roots in spring

28
Q

Give examples of a sink.

A
  • developing flowers
  • fruits
  • leaves
  • roots in fall
29
Q

Describe the flow of sugars & water in the plant.

A

At the source(eg.leaf), the sugar and water(came from the xylem) move into the phloem tissue which causes high pressure in the cells. They move through the phloem and they soon leave the phloem tissue and enter the sink (eg. root). The water enter the xylem tissue again and the cycle repeats.

30
Q

What insect has been used to study the movement of phloem? How.

A

Aphids. Phloem sap flows into the Aphid when its stylet is inserted into cells.

31
Q

What causes flow?

A

differences in pressure

32
Q

Where is higher pressure found?

A

closer or near a sugar source in a plant

33
Q

How many inorganic nutrients do plants needs?

A

17

34
Q

A plant will only need an element if?

A

the plant needs it in order complete its life cycle

35
Q

The 17 inorganic nutrients are composed of two groups. What are they?

A

9 macronutrients which the plant needs in larger amounts and 8 micronutrients which the plant needs in smaller amounts

36
Q

What are the 9 macronutrients?

A

1) Carbon
2) oxygen
3) hydrogen
4) nitrogen
5) sulphur
6) phosphorous
7) calcium
8) potassium
9) magnesium

37
Q

What are the 8 micronutrients plants need?

A

1) chlorine
2) iron
3) manganese
4) boron
5) zinc
6) copper
7) nickel
8) molybdenum

38
Q

What are 3 important minerals that affects the appearance of the leaves?

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (N:P:K)

39
Q

What do leaves with chlorosis look like?

A
  • they have are chlorotic or yellow
40
Q

what do leaves with necrosis look like?

A
  • they are brown and dried up (dead)
41
Q

A leaf with nitrogen deficiencies will look?

A
  • the upper part of the leaf is a light green, yellow, orange/brown while the bottom part is green
42
Q

A leaf with phosphorus deficiency looks like?

A
  • purple edges
43
Q

A leaf with potassium deficiency looks like?

A

lighter green, yellow, orange/brown around the edges of the leaf

44
Q

Examples of fertilizer with N:P:K

A

5-5-5 or 30-0-10

45
Q

some nitrogen-fixing bacteria naturally grows on the roots of plants. True or False

A

True

46
Q

give an example of a nitrogen fixing bacteria associated with a plant.

A

rhizobium & legume

47
Q

Why is the relationship between nitrogen fixing bacteria and a plant considered a mutualistic relationship?

A
  • bacteria fixes nitrogen and shares with the plant

- while the plant shares carbohydrates with the bacteria and provides shelter

48
Q

In general what happens in nitrogen fixation

A

nitrogen (N2) –> Nitrite (NO2-) –> Nitrate (NO3-) —> Ammonium (NH4+)

49
Q

out of all the molecules formed in nitrogen fixation, what can plants use?

A

Nitrate (NO3-) & Ammonium (NH4+)

50
Q

What are the micorrhizae’s associated with plants?

A

endomycorrhizae (glomeromycetes) = live in the cells of roots
ectomychorrhizae (ascomycetes) = live on the surface of the root

51
Q

Why is the relationship between mychorrhizae and plants mutualistic?

A

because the fungi helps the root absorb water and minerals, especially phosphorus from the soil while the plant shares carbohydrates with them and provides shelter

52
Q

what are epiphytes?

A

plants that grow attached to other surfaces like other plants (usually trees)

53
Q

Where do epiphytes get minerals and water?

A

from the rain running down the tree they are attached to

54
Q

What are some examples of epiphytes?

A
  • orchids, staghorn ferns, bromeliads.
55
Q

What are parasitic plants?

A
  • plants that grow on another plant
  • their roots grow into the vascular tissue of the host plant
  • they absorb carbohydrates, minerals and water from the host plant’s xylem and phloem
56
Q

do parasitic plants photosynthesize?

A
  • they may, and if so, it’s very little or no photosynthesis at all
57
Q

what are some examples of parasitic plants?

A
  • mistletoe, dodder, and ghost plant
58
Q

What are carnivorous plants?

A

plants that digest insects for nitrogen containing compounds

59
Q

Are carnivorous plants predators?

A

Yes

60
Q

Where are carnivorous plants usually found?

A
  • very we habitats with low nutrients such bogs
61
Q

How are insects trapped in carnivorous plants?

A
  • in various ways.
    eg. Venus fly trap, the insect touches 2 or more hairs of the plants which triggers it to close shut
    eg. sundew = the insects get stuck to the bubble thing and then the plant wraps around it
62
Q

What are the basic process of digestion in carnivorous plants?

A
  • the plant secretes compounds which digests the insect and the plant then absorb nitrogen compounds from the insect through its leaves.
63
Q

What is mycorrhizae?

A

a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a plant

Biology (9 decks)

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