chapter 36 congenital heart disease Flashcards
most common single heart abnormality
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
acronym that will help sonographic detection of congenital heart disease:
CHRISTMAS
CHRISTMAS acronym: C—
C–concordance and contractility
CHRISTMAS acronym: H–
H—hydrops
CHRISTMAS acronym: R—
R–risk factors & rhythm
CHRISTMAS acronym: I—
Incorrect size(LGA or SGA)
CHRISTMAS acronym: S–
S—symmetry
CHRISTMAS acronym: T–
T–tetralogy of Fallot
CHRISTMAS acronym: M
M–masses and mobility
CHRISTMAS acronym: A–
A–aneuploidy
CHRISTMAS acronym: S—
Situs
congenital heart disease often occurs with chromosomal abnormalities, mostly:
trisomy 21
cardiac abnormalities more likely to be associated with chromosomal defects:
hypoplastic LEFT heart
malrformations of the ____ side of the heart are rarely associated with karyotypic abnormalities
right
mother who had child with a left heart abnormality has a higher risk of delievering another child with a form of:
left heart disease
most common severe congenital abnormality
congenital heart disease
heart is in the right side of the chest with the apex pointing to the right:
dextrocardia
heart is in the right side of the chest with the apex pointing medially or to the left
dextroposition
heart is displaced further toward the left chest:
levoposition
levoposition is usually associated with:
diaphragmatic hernia
cardiac apex is pointing toward the middle of the chest
mesocardia
normal position of the heart in the left chest
levocardia
disease of the myocardial tissue in the heart
cardiomyopathy
characterized by necrosis and destruction of myocardial cells and inflammatory infiltrate
myocarditis
prognosis of myocarditis
poor
pericardial effusion, separation of greater than ____mm
2mm
pericardial effusion may be associated with
hydrops
normal hypoechoic area in the perpheral part of the epicardial/pericardial interface should be ___ or less
2mm
3 types of septal defects:
- Atrial
- Ventricular
- Atrioventricular
septal defect: creates a communication between the right a left atrium
atrial septal defect
septal defect that is the most common yet most difficult to see
Osteum Secundum(atrial septal defect)
3 Forms of atrial septal defect:
- Osteum secundum(most common)
- Osteum primum
- Sinus venosus
least common atrial septal defect:
sinus venosus
atrial septations are not always recognized in utero because:
foramen ovale is a normal opening that may hide an abnormal septation
most common congenital lesion of the heart
Ventricular Septal defect
Atrioventricular septal defect is also known as
Endocardial cushion defect
atrioventricular septal defect has an increased incidence in people with:
down syndrome
atrioventricular septal defect results in a defect in the:
crux
interruption of growth of the tricuspid leaflets:
tricuspid atresia
abnormal displacement of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve toward the apex of right ventral(low insertion)
Ebstein’s anomaly
with Ebstein’s anomaly, the ______ is usually massively dilated
right atrium
right heart is underdeveloped due to obstruction of RVOT secondary to pulmonary stenosis:
Hypoplastic Right Heart
Small hypertrophied left ventricle with aortic &/or mitral atresia
Hypoplastic Left Heart
hypoplastic left heart is autosomal ______
recessive
most common form of cyonotic heart disease in infants and children
tetralogy of fallot
tetrallogy of fallot consists of 4 abnormalities:
- Ventricular Septal Defect(VSD)
- Over-riding aorta
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Right ventricular hypertrophy
Large septal defect with mild to moderate pulmonary stenosis
acyanotic disease
large septal defect with severe pulmonary stenosis
cyanotic disease
“Blue baby”
cyanotic disease–tetralogy of fallot
if aorta overrides over 50%(tetralogy of fallot) it is called:
double-outlet right ventricle
Most common form of RVOT obstruction
pulmonary valve stenosis
Aorta is abnormally connected to the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery is abnormally connected to the left ventricle
Transpotition of the Great Arteries(IGA)
heart lesion which only 1 great artery arises from the base of the heart
Truncus Arteriosus
Shelf-like lesion in the isthmus of the arch/narrowing or kink in the aorta
Coarctation of the Aorta
most common cardiac tumor
Rhabdomyoma
second most common cardiac tumor
teratoma
cardiac tumor that is associated with tuberous sclerosis
rhabdomyoma
Rhabdomyoma is best seen in the ____ view
4 chamber heart view
2 atriums, 1 ventricle that receives both mitral and tricuspid valves
single ventricle anomaly
abnormal development of the heart outside the chest
ectopia cordis
results from an immature heart. Atrium and ventricle may both experience extrasystoles and ectopic beats
Premature Atrial & Ventricular Contractions
Premature Atrial & Ventricular Contractions are also called:
PAC’s and PVC’s
An echogenic structure in heart that is bright as bone
Echogenic Intracardiac Focus(EIF)
Echogenic Intracardiac Focus(EIF) is seen in the _____ of the heart
left ventricle
Echogenic Intracardiac Focus may be linked to
trisomy 21
the moderator band is always in the ____ ventricle
right
