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Pathology > Chapter 3.1 (page 47) > Flashcards

Chapter 3.1 (page 47) Flashcards

1
Q

_____________ is the first line of resistance against microbes that acts as a physical barrier.

A

Skin (Epidermis)

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2
Q

_____________ is also considered to be in the first line of defense against the entry of microbes, but not as efficient as the skin.

A

Mucus Membrane.

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3
Q

_______ are found in the nose and ears to filter out microbes and dust.

A

Hairs

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4
Q

_____ acts in combination with _____ to remove microbes and dust from upper respiratory tract.

A

Cilia

Mucus

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5
Q

These ducts produce tears that help in washing away or diluting irritating substances that enter the eyes.

A

Lacrimal Apparatus

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6
Q

This washes microbes from surface of teeth & mucous membranes of mouth.

A

Saliva

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7
Q

These are methods of the body to expel microbes from body.

A

Defecation and Vomiting

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8
Q

________ washes microbes from the urethra.

A

Urine

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9
Q

Non-specific Resistance: Chemical Factors

Antimicrobial substance found in sweat, tears, saliva, nasal secretions, tissue fluids. This is an enzyme that can damage bacteria cell walls.

A

Lysozyme

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10
Q

Non-specific Resistance: Chemical Factors

This factor discourages growth of many microbes. (pH 3-5)

A

Acid pH of Skin

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11
Q

Non-specific Resistance: Chemical Factors

This destroys bacteria and most toxins in the stomach.

A

Gastric Juice

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12
Q

Non-specific Resistance: Chemical Factors

This gel-like substance found in areolar connective tissue can prevent the spread of noxious agents in localized infections.

A

Hyaluronic Acid

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13
Q

Non-specific Resistance: Chemical Factors

What is the antimicrobial substance found in sebum?

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

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14
Q

Non-specific Resistance: Antimicrobial Substance

Give 2 examples of iron-binding proteins.

A

Tranferrin

Ferritin

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15
Q

Non-specific Resistance: Antimicrobial Substance

Protects uninfected host cells from viral infection, and functions to enhance phagocytosis & cell-killing.

A

** Interferons [IFN]**

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16
Q

Non-specific Resistance: Antimicrobial Substance

Used in medicine to treat Herpes, Kaposi Sarcoma, Leukemia, and Multiple Sclerosis.

A

Interferons [IFN]

17
Q

Non-specific Resistance: Antimicrobial Substance

The complement system promotes phagocytosis by binding to microbes, and this process is called __________.

A

**Opsonisation **

18
Q

Non-specific Resistance: Antimicrobial Substance

Inhibits bacterial growth by reducing available iron.

A

Iron-binding proteins

19
Q

Non-specific Resistance: Antimicrobial Substance

The complement system consists of a group of about 20 normally ________________ - ________ are the primary proteins.

A

Inactive Plasma Proteins

C1-C9

20
Q

Non-specific Resistance: Antimicrobial Substance

Becomes activated by immune complexes from the immune system [____________], by polysaccharide molecules on microbes [____________], or by the __________ from protein surface molecules on bacteria and yeast.

A

Classical Pathway

Alternative Pathway

Lectin Pathway

21
Q

Non-specific Resistance: Antimicrobial Substance

This bridges the innate and adaptive immune responses and enables the body to produce inflammation, lyse foreign cells and enhance phagocytosis.

A

Complement System

22
Q

Non-Specific Resistance: Natural Killer Cells & Phagocytosis

Natural Killer Cells do not mature in _________.

A

Thymus

23
Q

Non-Specific Resistance: Natural Killer Cells & Phagocytosis

Natural killer cells release interferon and various perforins and chemicals that cause __________.

A

Cytolysis

24
Q

Non-Specific Resistance: Natural Killer Cells & Phagocytosis

Identify four major areas/ parts of the body that natural killer cells are found.

A

Spleen

Lymph Nodes

Bone Marrow

Blood

25
Q

Non-Specific Resistance: Natural Killer Cells & Phagocytosis

____________: Ingestion of foreign particles or cellular debris by white blood cells.

A

Phagocytosis

26
Q

Non-Specific Resistance: Natural Killer Cells & Phagocytosis

What are the two major types of WBC involved in Phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils

Macrophages

27
Q

Non-Specific Resistance: Natural Killer Cells & Phagocytosis

___________ is the chemical attraction of phagocytes to a particular location.

A

Chemotaxis

28
Q

Non-Specific Resistance: Natural Killer Cells & Phagocytosis

___________ is the attachment of the plasma membrane of a phagocyte to the surface of a microorganism. May occur easily or with difficulty. Enhanced by _________ with complement proteins.

A

Adherence

Opsonization

29
Q

Non-Specific Resistance: Phagocytosis

___________ is when the phagocyte engulf and ingest the organism into a phagocytic vesicle. The sac fuses with lysosomes to form a _______ and the digestive enzymes and lethal oxidants kill many types of microbes in _____ minutes.

A

Ingestion and digestion

Phagolysosome

10-30

30
Q

Non-specific Resistance

This is a non-specific response of tissue to damage, or immune reactions.

A

Inflammation

31
Q

Non-specific Resistance

Identify 3 functions of Inflammation.

A

Serves to confine microbes
Destroys microbes
Initiate tissue repair

32
Q

Non-specific Resistance

Classic response (inflammation) includes:

A

**Redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function **

33
Q

Non-specific Resistance: Fever

A fever is regulated by the _____________.

A

Hypothalamus

34
Q

Non-Specific Resistance: Fever

_______ can be triggered by microbes toxins or WBC cytokines.

A

Fever

35
Q

Non-Specific Resistance: Fever

Having a fever intensifies the effects of __________.

A

Interferons [IFN]

36
Q

**Non-Specific Resistance: **Reticuloendothelial System

The reticuloendothelial system can be also called as _______________.

A

Mononuclear Phagocytic System

37
Q

Non-Specific Resistance: Reticuloendothelial System

Begin as monocytes & migrate from the blood into various tissues to become __________. Their job is to digest ______ that come in contact with their cell membranes. This system is non-specific and is part of ______ immunity.

A

Mature Tissue Phagocytes

Antigens

Innate

38
Q

Non-Specific Resistance: Reticuloendothelial System

Identify the monocytic stem cells
Connective Tissue -
Liver -
Lungs -
Nervous System -
Spleen -
Lymph nodes -

A

Connective Tissue - Histiocytes
Liver - **Kupffer cells [Stellate Reticuloendothelial cells] **
Lungs - Alveolar cells
Nervous System - Microglial cells
Spleen - Tissue macrophages
Lymph nodes - Tissue macrophages

Pathology (29 decks)

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