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BMSC 230 > Chapter 31 - Amino Acid Synthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 31 - Amino Acid Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

diazotrophic bacteria

A

organisms that can convert nitrogen gas to biochemically more useful, NH3

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2
Q

The Haber process

A

allows for industrial fixation of nitrogen

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3
Q

_________ and ________ are forms of nitrogen that are available to plants

A

ammonium and nitrates

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4
Q

Nitrates are reduced to ________.

A

ammonium

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5
Q

the nitrogenase complex

A

-consists of two proteins, reductase and nitrogenase

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6
Q

reductase

A

provides e- with high reducing power

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7
Q

nitrogenase

A

uses ,e- to reduce N2 to NH3

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8
Q

The ammonia produced in plants is…

A

directly used by the plants

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9
Q

The ammonia produced by nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in the soil is…

A

converted to nitrite, then to nitrate by other bacteria

-nitrate (NO3-) is taken up my plants and reduced to NH3

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10
Q

Step 2: ___________ and _________ provide entry points to assimilation of ammonia to biomolecules

A

glutamate and glutamine

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11
Q

glutamate dehydrogenase

A

NH4+ and aKG to glutamate

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12
Q

glutamine synthetase

A

glutamate + NH4+ to glutamine

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13
Q

glutamate synthase (last rxn)

A

aKG + glutamine to glutamate

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14
Q

Step 3 of Assimilation of Nitrogen

A

glutamate and glutamine donate an amino group in other biosynthetic pathways

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15
Q

The carbon skeletons for aa synthesis are provided by intermediates of…

A

the glycolytic pathway, citric acid cycle, and pentose phosphate pathway

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16
Q

Glutamine synthetase is present in …

A

all organisms

17
Q

Gln synthetase is regulated by:

A

allosteric effectors (all 6 end product) and covalent codification (adenylation)

18
Q

adenylation

A

addition of AMP (occurs on a Try residue)

19
Q

structure of glutamine synthetase

A

12 identical subunits

20
Q

transamination rnx enzyme and coenzyme

A
  • aminotransferase

- pyridoxal phosphate (vit B6)

21
Q

1-carbon transfer rxn enzyme cofactors (1C carriers and 1C donors)

A
  • S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) donates methyl group

- tetrahydrofolate

22
Q

glutamine amidotransferase

A

transfer of an amino or amide group from glutamine

23
Q

1C transfer using SAM

A

methyl group transfers to a nitrogen or oxygen atom

24
Q

1C transfer rxns using tetrahydrofolate (TH4) catalyzed by?

A

dihydrofolate reductase

25
Q

essential amino acids

A

valine, leucine, isoleucine, tryoptophan, phenylalanine, histidine, methionine, threonine, lysine

26
Q

6 metabolic precursors

A
  • aKG
  • pyruvate
  • 3-phosphoglycerate
  • oxaloacetate
  • phosphoenol pyruvate and erythrose 4-P
  • ribose 5-P
27
Q

Which amino acid(s) can be synthesized by the metabolic precursor a-KG

A

glutamate, glutamine, proline, arginine

28
Q

Which amino acid(s) can be synthesized by the metabolic precursor pyruvate

A

alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine

29
Q

Which amino acid(s) can be synthesized by the metabolic precursor 3-phosphoglycerate

A

serine, glycine, cysteine

30
Q

Which amino acid(s) can be synthesized by the metabolic precursor phosphoenol pyruvate and erythrose 4-P

A

tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine

31
Q

Which amino acid(s) can be synthesized by the metabolic precursor ribose 5-P

A

histidine

32
Q

conditionally essential amino acids

A

arginine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, proline, tyrosine

33
Q

nonessential amino acids

A

alanine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamate, serine

34
Q

Which amino acid(s) can be synthesized by the metabolic precursor oxaloacetate

A

aspartate, asparagine, methionine, threonine, lysine

35
Q

4 types of feedback inhibition

A
  • product inhibition
  • sequential
  • concerted
  • enzyme multiplicity
36
Q

regulation of synthesis of amino acids from oxaloacetate by feedback inhibition

A
  • sequential
  • enzyme multiplicity
  • concerted inhibition

BMSC 230 (15 decks)

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