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BMSC 230 > Chapter 27 - Lipid Oxidation > Flashcards

Chapter 27 - Lipid Oxidation Flashcards

1
Q

4 classes of lipid

A
  • fatty acids
  • triacylglycerols (triglycerides)
  • phospholipids
  • cholesterol
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2
Q

Fatty acid carbon atoms are usually numbered beginning with…

A

the carboxyl terminal carbon atom

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3
Q

Carbom atoms 2 and 3 are referred to as..

A

alpha and beta

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4
Q

Fatty acids can also be numbered from the methyl carbon atom, which is called….

A

omega carbon

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5
Q

fatty acids, a major source of energy, are stored as….. in adipose tissue

A

triacylglycerols in lipid droplets

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6
Q

adipose tissue depots

A
  • pulmonary
  • periadventitial
  • perirenal
  • bone marrow
  • epicardial
  • subcutaneous
  • visceral
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7
Q

triacylglycerols

A

the most concentrated form of stored energy available to animals; 37kJ/g
-highly reduced

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8
Q

Carbohydrates energy content

A

16 kJ/g

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9
Q

protein energy content

A

17 kJ/g

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10
Q

triacylglycerols are stored in what form?

A

anhydrous

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11
Q

Which get depleted quicker… triacyglycerols or glycogen?

A

glycogen; only lasts hours

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12
Q

Excessive triacylglycerol storage in adipose tissue can lead to..

A

obesity

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13
Q

High levels of triacylglycerol in blood can lead to…

A

heart attack/stroke

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14
Q

Since triacylglycerol is too hydrophobic to cross biological membranes, how is it transported/digested (in the small intestine)??

A

it is degraded in the small intestine and resynthesized in intestinal mucosal cells

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15
Q

lipases

A

break down lipids

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16
Q

chylomicron

A

a lipoprotein synthesized only in intestine that allow for transport of insoluble lipids in the blood stream to tissues

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17
Q

chylomicron composition

A

phospholipid and cholesterol on the surface, triacylglycerol in the core

18
Q

lipoprotein lipase

A

bound to cell surface and releases all 3 fatty acids from each TG

19
Q

lipid droplets

A
  • have a phospholipid monolayer instead of bilayer

- core is hydrophobic where TG is stored

20
Q

perilipin

A
  • protein on surface of lipid droplet
  • barrier to lipases
  • prevents unwanted TG breakdown
21
Q

lipolysis

A

TG broken down to glycerol and 3 FA

  • phosphorylation of perils-in allows lipase access to TG in lipid droplet
  • activates adipose tissue TG lipase
22
Q

phosphorylation of hormone sensitive lipase

A

activates hormone sensitive lipase

23
Q

Fate of fatty acid and glycerol

A

glycerol goes to liver, FA to muscle

24
Q

FA oxidation occurs in..

A

the mitochondria

25
Q

To be oxidized, FA needs to be:

A
  • activated (bound to CoA)

- transported (carnitine shuttle)

26
Q

fatty acyl CoA

A

a generic term describing any fatty acid bound to CoA

27
Q

Activation of fatty acid to fatty acid CoA (reversible)

A
  • fatty acid reacts w/ ATP to form an acyl adenylate and other two phosphorylation groups of ATP substrate are released as pyrophosphate
  • the sulfhydryl group of CoA attacks acyl adenylate to form acyl CoA and AMP
28
Q

Activation of acid to fatty acid CoA driven by?

A

hydrolysis of pyrophosphate by pyrophosphates to 2 organic phosphates

29
Q

transportation of fatty acid CoA

A

The acyl group is transferred from the sulfur atom of CoA to the hydroxyl group of carnitine to form acyl carnitine.

30
Q

transportation of fatty acid CoA catalyzed by:

A

carnitine acyltransferase I, which is bound to the outer mitochondrial membrane:

31
Q

rate-limiting step of fatty acid oxidation

A

fatty acid transport into the mitochondria

32
Q

carnitine shuttle while fasting

A

highly active

33
Q

carnitine shuttle while fed

A

low activity

34
Q

4 basic steps of B-oxidation of saturated fatty acids (degradation of fatty acids)

A
  • oxidation
  • hydration
  • oxidation
  • cleavage
35
Q

Overall equation for the oxidation of palmitate

A

Palmitoyl CoA + 7CoA +7FAD + 7NAD+ + 7H2O –> 8Acetyl CoA + 7FADH2 + 7NADH + 7H+

36
Q

Net ATP production of oxidation of palmitate?

A

106 ATP

37
Q

Enoyl CoA isomerase

A
  • moves double bond from C3-4 to C2-3

- changes double bond from cis to trans

38
Q

ketone bodies

A
  • alternative to glucose as a fuel or energy source
  • formed by ketogenesis in liver
  • produced at low rate
  • utilized by extra hepatic tissues when glucose is low(starvation)
  • used after several days of fasting (prevents use of protein and tissue breakdown)
39
Q

condensation of 3 acetyl CoA forms?

A

acetoacetate

40
Q

acetoacetate is converted to what

A

3-hydrocybutyrate and acetone

41
Q

Metabolism of Ketone Bodies in extrahepatic tissues (brain) occurs in?

A

the mitochondria

42
Q

excess production of ketone bodies can lead to ..

A

acidosis

BMSC 230 (15 decks)

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