Chapter 30: Dictatorships and the Second World War Flashcards
Fascism (9)
1) Date: Early 20th century CE (1920’s), Region: first developed by Mussolini in Italy, but also used in Germany under Hitler.
2) Core Beliefs
a) extreme nationalism
b) anti-communist
c) expansionist/colonialist (ex: Italian invasion of Ethiopia)
d) Cult of Leadership (strong, masculine leader such as Mussolini)
e) Sexist (women limited to traditional roles)
f) Corporate State (Government protect big business, while placing a few restrictions on companies such as set wages or controlled production); anti-union.
3) CC: Extremely similar with Nazism in 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, and 2f; Nazism is one type of fascism.
4) COT: Change from the liberal values of democracy/balanced gov’t and individual freedoms that began with the Enlightenment, French Rev, and rise of nation states from the late 18th to 19th century.
Joseph Stalin (9)
1) Date: Early 20th Century CE, Region: Communist Russia
2) Specific Facts: Successor of Lenin (over Leon Trotsky), was a brutal dictator.
3) Replaced NEP (see card) with Five-Year Plans (see card) to quickly industrialize Russia.
4) Introduced forced collectivization of agriculture (all farmers work on a state-owned farm and share the profit).
5) He initiated the Great Purge (see card); execution or jailing of all of his opposers.
6) Led the Soviet Union during WWII; played a significant role in the defeat of Nazi Germany, even though he signed a Non-agression pact with Germany to divide up Poland early in the war.
7) Used Kulaks, “better-off” peasants, as scapegoat
8) CC: Comparible to Hitler, Mussolini, and all other totalitarian dictatorships; however can contrast with those above because Hitler and Mussolini were both fascist, but Stalin was communist. Stalin is best compared to other communist dictators like Mao (China), Castro (Cuba), or Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)
9) COT: Continued the one-man rule in Russia.
Rape of Nanking (Nanking Massacre) (5)
1) Date: 20th Century CE ( late 1930’s to 1940’s), Region: Nanking, China
2) Specific Facts: After Japan’s invasion of China in 1937, the Japanese began bombing major Chinese cities such as Shanghai
3) Japanese soldiers, driven by extreme nationalism and racism, attacked Nanking and murdered thousands of soldiers and civilians.
4) CC: Similar to the anti-Semitic Nazi hatred for Jews and the Jewish Holocaust or the ethnic conflict between Jews and Muslims in Palestine or between Hindus and Muslims after the partition of India.
5) COT: Continued the Japanese dominance over China in the Age of Imperialism and Industrialization
Totalitarianism (7)
1) Date: originated in early 20th century CE, Region: originated in Europe; ex: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
2) A dictatorship that exercises complete control over the state and its peoples and wants to wage war
3) Totalitarian states used modern technology for total political control and then to dominate economic, social, and cultural aspects of the masses and the
state
4) rejected and revolted against classic liberalism (see card)
5) encouraged expansion and violence
6) CC: Contrasts with any nation (US, Britain and France, India and Japan after WWII) that follows classic liberalism, which allows free speech, religious toleration, right to vote, etc.–none of these liberal values are present in a totalitarian state; compare to any strong dictator like Mao, Stalin, Castro, etc.
7) COT: Change- more complete control over the state; evolution of conservative monarchy
Blitzkrieg (5)
1) Date: early 20th century, Region: originated in Europe (ex: German invasion of Poland)
2) Specific Facts: Battle strategy in which aerial assault weakens enemy lines and then armored units (tanks) crash through the lines.
3) Allowed rapid victory for German forces on the Western Front
4) CC: contrasts with WWI trench warfare because trench warfare was static and unmoving (resulting in a war of attrition), but blitzkreig was fast, mobile, and allowed large amounts of land to be conquered quickly by Germany.
5) COT: change- altered the method to wage war from trench warfare (war of endurance draining resources) to blitzkrieg(“lightning war”) Continuity-blitzkrieg continued to be used from the mid 20th century forward
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact and the fate of Poland (7)
1) Date: Mid 20th Century CE (1939), Region: alliance between Russia (USSR) and Nazi Germany, but had effects on global scale
2) Specific Facts: treaty between Germany and Soviet Union; agreed to avoid armed conflict with one another
3) Secretly the two countries agreed to divide up Europe into spheres of influence; dividing Poland in half.
4) ex: Following the invasion of Western Poland, the Soviets invaded Eastern Poland.
5) Germans broke the pact with the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union.
6) CC: Compare to the partition of Poland between Russia, Austria, and Prussia in the late 18th century or the Japanese invasion of China and the Philippines
7) COT: Change- ended of the mutual agreement between Soviet Union and Nazi Germany when Germany began to invade Soviet Union
Classic Liberalism (4)
1) Date: Late 18th-20th Century, Region: Global; ex of liberal states: Great Britain, United States
2) Core Values:
a) limit state power
b) strong middle class
c) economic freedom (little state involvement)
d) individual rights
e) rationality and peacefully reform
3) CC: Contrasts with communism in economics (classic liberalism believes in a “laissez faire” or “hands off” approach to the econ by a gov’t but communism wants the gov’t to be involved with directing the econ) and social status of classes (liberalism believes in freedom of opportunity, so some people will rise to higher classes and some will fall to lower classes, however, communism wants a classless society where all are equal.)
4) COT: Change- Liberalism evolved into classical liberalism with influence of 20th century writers; Continuity- Classical liberalism continued to be in use after WWII
New Economic Policy (NEP) vs. Five-Year Plan (5)
1) Date: Early 20th Century CE (1920s), Region: Soviet Russia
2) NEP (1921 CE)
a) introduced by Lenin
b) re-estabilshed limited economic freedom (excluding heavy industry and big business)
c) brought rapid Industrial and agricultural recovery after WWI
3) Five-Year Plans (1927 CE)
a) introduced by Stalin (replaced NEP)
b) only allowed socialist ideas
c) goal to rapidly industrialize and improve agricultural production
d) industrialization was successful
e) agricultural goals failed partly because of forced collectivization
4) CC: Collectivization in Five-Year Plans was similar to the kibbutz (Jewish collectivized farming in Palestine) and to the Five Year Plans in Mao’s China during the Great Leap Forward; contrast with capitalist nations where the gov’t did not get involved in the economy–the US in the late 1800s during the “Guilded Age of industrial monopolies (Carnegie’s Steel, J.P. Morgan’s banks, etc.) or start of the Great Depression under president Hoover, when the gov’t did not get involved in the econ.
5) COT: Change: transition from NEP to Five-Year Plan was a pivot point in Russia’s change to a totalitarian state
Events in Mussolini’s Italy (7)
1) Date: Early 20th Century CE (1920’s to 1940’s), Region: Italy
2) Specific Facts: Black Shirts (Mussolini’s private fascist army) attacked socialists and marched on Rome in 1922
3) King Emmanuel III granted Mussolini dictatorial authority for one year in response to the march on Rome
4) Mussolini allied with Germany in WWII
5) supported by the Catholic Church because of the Lateran Agreement of 1929–recognized the Vatican as an independent state and gave church financial support
6) Mussolini was sexist and abolished divorce telling women to be child bearers
6) CC: Compare-Mussolini’s dictatorship was similar to that of Hitler and Hirohito (Japan) and some of the military leaders in South America like Peron (Argentina in the 1930-50), Pinochet (Chile in 1970); Contrast- Leaders like Stalin in Soviet Union
7) COT: Change- Mussolini was deposed by Italians in WWII, who established a new Italian government that surrendered in mid 20th century; also Mussolini was placed at the head of a puppet government when rescued by Hitler, and Germany conquered northern Germany and Rome
Causes and Values of Nazism (6)
1) Date: Early 20th century CE (1920’s-1940’s), Region: Nazi Germany
2) Causes
a) anti-Semiticism (hatred of Jews)
b) economic crisis
3) Values
a) racism; especially anti-Semitic
b) expansionist
c) Fuhrer–dictator with unlimited authority(ex: Hitler)
d) totalitarian
4) Enabling Act was an act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazi party that gave Hitler absolute authority for four years.
5) CC: Compare to Fascism in values, because Nazism is a type of fascism; Nazi state was similar to Mussolini’s Italy; Contrast it with communist areas like the Soviet Union, China under Mao, or Cuba under Castro or democratic areas like Britain, France, and the US, or India and Japan after WWII
6) COT: Change- Nazism came to an end in Europe when Germany lost WWII and when Hitler died.
Jews in Nazi Germany (7)
1) Date: Early 20th Century CE, Region: Nazi Germany
2) Specific Facts: Nuremberg Laws (1935) anyone having Jewish grandparents as being a Jew and deprived Jews of citizenship
3) Night of Broken Glass (1938) Violent outbreak against Jew by the SS and the Gestapo (Hitler’s private guard and secret police)
4) The Holocaust–the attempted extermination of the entire Jewish race by the Nazi’s–resulted in the murder of 4 millions of Jews.
5) The Final Solution–Hitler’s decision to annihilate the Jewish people–was the most deadly phase of the Holocaust and resulted in mass murder of Jews in concentration camps
6) CC: similar to the persecution of the Kulaks in Soviet Russia, or Chinese under Japanese occupation
7) COT: Change- Jews were no longer persecuted in Nazi Germany due to Nazi Germany’s fall after Hitler’s death and WWII because Jews migrated to Palestine and Nazism ended in Germany.
Re-militarization of the Rhineland (5)
1) Date: Early 20th Century CE (1936), Region: German and French border (the Rhineland)
2) Hitler brought his military back into the Rhineland; violating the Treaties of Versailles and Locarno.
3) French and British response: do nothing (appeasement).
4) CC: Similiar to other acts of appeasement such as the Munich Conference or Amschluss (annexation) of Austria; contrast to western democracies like France, Britain, or US who tried to avoid militarism
5) COT:Continuity in Hitler’s aggression and the passive attitude of Britain and France.
Policy of Appeasement (7)
1) Date: early 20th century CE (1930’s), Region: Western Europe
2) British and French policy towards Nazi aggression: to let Hitler take what he wants in hopes that he would be satisfied.
3) Causes: British guilt toward the unfair treatment of Germany in the Versailles Treaty and desire not to repeat the blood of World War I; underestimation of Hitler also important
4) Examples: Western lack of response to the remilitarization of the Rhineland and the Annexation of Austria (see cards)
5) Consequences: further German aggression and lack of readiness for WWII by the Allied Powers
6) CC: Compare to any nation that was passive to their more aggressive neighbors like the US, France and Britain, which all followed a neutral and isolation path after WWI; contrast with any nation that aggressively attacked its neighbors like Germany, Italy, Japan.
7) COT: Continuity in Hitler’s aggression and the passive attitude of Britain and France; change from Imperialism/WWI attitude of militarism.
Munich Conference and the Fate of Czechoslovakia (5)
1) Date: early 20th century CE (1938), Region: Europe;Nazi Germany
2) Britain and France gave Hitler the Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia) (example of appeasement).
3) left Czechoslovakia defenseless to Nazi Germany; German armies occupied all Czech lands by 1939
4) CC: Appeasement practices by the West in Munich Conference similar to British and French response to the re-militarization of the Rhineland.
5) COT: Continuity in Hitler’s aggression and the passive attitude of Britain and France.
Annexation of Austria (Anschluss) (5)
1) Date: early 20th century CE (1938), Region: Austria, Nazi Germany
2) Hitler forced the Austrian Chancellor to put Nazis in control of Austrian government
3) Nazi armies moved into occupy Austria and Austria was made part of Germany (annexed)
4) CC: similar to Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia or Poland, the Japanese conquest of Korea, Manchuria, and the Philippines.
5) COT: Continuity of German expansion
and conquest.
