Chapter 19: The Islamic World Powers

Question 1

Tamerlane(7)

Answer 1

14th century CE, Central Asia 1.Built a Central Asian empire after Mongol Empire deteriorated, with a capital at Samarkand.
2. Overall: attempted to mimic the achievments of Chinggis Khan. 3.Appointed lords to rule individual provinces of the empire whoused the existing political structures to do so.
4.After Tamerlane’s death, problems with his succession led to the collapse of the empire.
C/C: Compare: Zhou rulers in China, who used family members to rule provinces throughout China.
Compare:used similar terror tactics for conquer as the Mongols had previously.
7.Continuity: using mongol technique of dividing territory among lords?

Question 2

Nadir Shah(3)

Answer 2

18th century CE, Persia

1. adventurer, invaded Mughal Empire (India) anddefeated Mughal army, looted (took over?) Delhi
2. Stole the peacock throne (symbol of Mughal leader’s authority and prestige)

C/C: Compare: Napoleon (in terms of authority) Both conquered foreign territories. Contrast: ?
Change/cont.:

Question 3

Selim II(4)

Answer 3

16th century CE, Ottoman Empire

1. “Selim the Drunkard”
2. Incompetent Ottoman sultan/factor to the deterioration of the empire

C/C: Compare: Last 3 leaders of the Safavids (?), who also were weak and led to the decline of the empire. Contrast: Shah Abbas (r. late 16th- early 17th century) led Ottoman empire to prosperity for some time (gained alliances with Europe, supported trade)

COT: Continuity:?
Change: Capable leaders (Selim I) to incapapable leaders(Selim II) due to change in methods of choosing succession(see ‘Ottoman decline’ card)

Question 4

Devshirme & Janissaries(4)

Answer 4

16th-20th centuryCE, Ottoman Empire

1. Devshirme- process where gov’t agents made Christian youths into Islamic slaves.
2. Minority ofChristian youths were educated for gov’t service.
3. Most became Janissaries (individuals in the sultan’s elite slave army).
4. The sultan’s slaves had social mobility and opportunities, and could often become part of the ruling class.

C/C: Compare: Rebellions of both Janissaries in Egypt against Ali and in Ottoman Empire against Tanzimat. Both came from parts of society which were not expected(Janisarries are Muslim soldiers who were formerly Christian and Sepoys were Native Indians who worked for the British.)
COT:

Question 5

Concubinage inthe Ottoman Empire(6)

Answer 5

15th-20th century CE, Ottoman Empire
1.Concubine- a woman who is a spouse of a lower status than a man’s wife.
2.Traditional for sultan to have concubines, rather than legal wives.(Hürrem- the wife of Suleiman-was an exception)
3.Had no direct political authority.
4.Raised the male children of their man until the boy grew up, and either succeeded the sultan, or was subject to fratricide (killed by a brother).
C/C: Similarity: To concubines of China, the Middle East Contrast:?
COT: continuity: concubinage in the Abassid Caliphate?,previous islamic states/Caliphates?

Question 6

Sepoys(4)

Answer 6

18th century, India (Mughal Empire)
1.Sepoys-Native Indian troops trained as infantrymen (defender of an army) by the British East India Trading Company factories in India.
2.Protected company factory forts and citizens that fled to them for protection when conflict erupted.
3. Gradually led Britain to gained political authority in India.
C/C: Compare: Rebellions of both Janissaries in Egypt against Ali and in Ottoman Empire against Tanzimat. Both came from parts of society which were not expected(Janisarries are Muslim soldiers who were formerly Christian and Sepoys were Native Indians who worked for the British.)
:
COT:Continuity: Indian citizens continued to be of service in the British military in the 19th century when they served inBritain’s military after India became a British colony.

Question 7

Sikhs(8)

Answer 7

16th century, Islamic states (Mughal India)
1. Believed God did not distinguish between Muslims and Hindus, but saw everyone as his children.
2.Acts: -rejected caste system -forbade alchohol and tobacco
C/C: Similarity: Religious sects that accepted other belief systems such as Buddhism andConfucianism. Contrast: Hindus in India accepted the caste system (India’s social system)
COT:Continuity: Islamic states continued to have various branches of faith.

Question 8

Safavid Empire(7)

Answer 8

16th-18th century, Persia
1.Founded by Ismail(16th), who declared himself the Shah (king)
2.Shi’ia sect was official religion
3.Ismail granted grazing land to the Qizilbash(sufis who were loyal to the Safavid State)
4.In return the Qizilbash provided military troops
5.Supported Shi’ite faith by importing Shi’ite ulama(scholars), and persecuting Sunni ulama.
6. Under Shah Abbas(17th)
-army of slaves
-promotion of Persian language, carpet weaving and beautiful gardens.
7.Alliance with Europeans against Ottomans.
C/C: Comparable to Ottoman and Mughal empires ( all are Muslim-based, all three had thriving economies, authoirative, dominant rulers: S-Shah Abbas, O- Sultan Mehmet II, and M-Akbar) ; also compare to France under Louis XIV, Japan in the Tokugawa regim or China under the Ming and Qing(because of all things listed for the Muslim Empires above). Contrast:?
COT:

Question 9

Ottoman Empire(6)

Answer 9

15th-18th century, Antolia (Turkey)=origin
1.15th century captured Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul (supported Africans against Spanish reconquista)2.Sultan-i-Rum-Title of Ottoman sultans “sultan of Rome” such as Mehmet.
3.Under Mehmet II:Ottoman military success due to advanced technology such as gunpowder.
-Took control of much of the midddle East, Balkans, and Crimean peninsula (multinational empire)
4. 16th century alliance with France and German protestant princes against Safavids (were allied with Habsburgs)5.Sultans often transplanted people into conquered terrritories.
C/C:COT: ? Compare to Safavid and Mughal Empires.

Question 10

MughalEmpire(7)

Answer 10

15th-18th century, India
1. founded by Babur, who expanded his small Afghanistan empire into India.(later lost control of Afghani territory)
2.Akbar-
-expanded Mughal Empire into most of India
-almost unstoppablearmy
-created bureaucracy with 4 co-equal ministersto control various aspects of society.
-ruled through provincial governors
3.Jahan (17th century) & Aurangzeb (17-18th century)
-expanded the MughalEmpire toits greatest extent in India, regardless of internal resistance in India.
C/C: similarity: Tamerlane’s empire, in the methods of ruling through provincial governors. Or Qin dynasty in the will/ability to undergo large building projects (Taj Mahal, and Great Wall)
COT:continuity:

Question 11

Role of Coffee in the Muslim world(6)

Answer 11

15th century, Islamic world
1. Coffee in the 15th century encountered religious and governmental opposition Because:
- was seen as intoxicating (therefore breaking Islamic law)
-was an innovation in the Muslim world (not Muslim tradition)
-coffeehouses encouraged political discussion
-coffeehouses (ex: like bars) encouraged immoral behaviour.
2. coffee was generally accepted in the 16th century
C/C:
COT: Cont.- coffee became popular in the Muslim world yet still is popular today (present)

Question 12

Suleiman The Magnificent (aka Law Giver)

Answer 12

16th century, Ottoman Empire
1. Expanded Empire into sothern Europe and created an centralized bureaucracy.
2.Modernized Ottoman mililtary (crushed the Hungarians in 16th century)
3.Made law system based on Islamic law
4. Patron of the arts and had religious tolerance.
C/C: Contrast to Ivan the Terrible (brought under Russian control. Many Ottomans were against Ivan and his political authority)
COT:

Question 13

Decline of the Safavid Empire (4)

Answer 13

18th century, Persia
1.Leaders lost central authority
2.Shi’ite institutions gained increasing authority
3.Decline in military led to foreign aggression (from Afganistan and Ottomans)4. C/C: Similarity: Mughal and Ottomans, conflict over succession and poor leadership led to decline of empire.
COT:

Question 14

Decline of the Ottoman Empire(7)

Answer 14

18th century, Ottoman territories
1.Weak leaders (Selim II) due to abandoning past methods of choosing Sultan succession.
2.Traditions were abandoned: succession, devshirme
3.Revolts due to economic issues and plague.
4.Lack of military capability (poor technology and relied on mercenaries), led to loss of territory to Europe.
5.Economic problems:
-Lost major European provinces which had provided tax revenues. -Rising population without economic growth(unemployment)
6. C/C: Similarity: Safavid and Mughal, conflict over succession and poor leadership led to decline.
COT:

Question 15

Decline of Mughal Empire (5)

Answer 15

18th century, India
1.Struggle over succession.
2.military conflict with Marathas (Hindu group) in south India, which prevented Mughal expansion.
3.Provincial governors began to rule independently.
4. Nadir Shah invasion.
C/C:Similarity: Safavid & Ottoman, conflict over succession and poor leadership led to decline.Also the fall of the Ming(mid-17th) or Qing(early 20th) Dynasties of China
COT:

Question 16

Treaty of Karlowitz (3)

Answer 16

17th century, Karlowitz
1.Peace treaty between Austria and Ottomans.
2.Ottomans lost European provinces.Balkans to Austria-Hungary such as Serbia and Bulgaria.
and tax revenues.
C/C: Treaty of Sevres (treaty between Ottoman and allies (during WWI)
COT: cont.- the treaty held the bond between Autria and Ottomans until the 19th century?

Question 17

Non-Muslims under Muslim rule (9)

Answer 17

15th-19th century; Middle East

1. Dhimmis- “protected people” included Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians in Muslim territories.
2. Jitza- Tax on non-Muslims
3. Ottoman:
   - religious toleration for: Christians, Jews, Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, and Orthodox Christians.
   - mass migrations of Jews and other religious peoples from Spain etc.
   - no forced conversions
4. Mughal:
   - religious toleration including: Jains, Zoroastrians, Christians, and Sikhs

-different treatment from difference leaders

Akbar16: extreme toleration, abolished jitza, celebrated religous festivals

Aurangzeb17: Made Islamic law public law, destroyed Hindu temples, reimposed the jitza.
C/C: Native Maericans under European control
COT: change- as non Muslims began to spread territorial

Question 18

The Dutch and British East India trading companies(7)

Answer 18

17th century, India/ and Dutch/British territories
1.DEIC (Dutch East India Company)- formed in order to take control of spice trade from Portuguese in India/n Ocean.
2.BEIC (British East India Company)- given special priveleges by Indian leaders, and created factory-forts,after their sole authority in India was recognized in the Treaty of Paris.
3.Factory-fort-British settlements/trading posts in India.
-Began without political authority. -Was a safe place for Indians to hide in when conflict erupted in the countryside
-Were protected by sepoys(native indian troops)
-Slowly gained authority over the territory around each factory-fort.
C/C:
COT: change- more and more places became familiar with trade and accepted the Bristish and Dutch East India trading companies

Question 19

Governors of India and their actions(7)

Answer 19

15th-18th century, India
1.Treaty of Paris gavethe British authority over India (trade-wise). Regulating Act created British governments in India, with governors etc.
2.India Act of 1784- Required general be chosen from outside the company, and have parliamentary supervision
3.Hastings (18th century)
-allied Indian princes,laid foundation for first Indian civil service
-Abolished tolls,placed salt and opium trade under the control of the gov’t
-Planned the codifcation of Muslim and Hindu laws.
4.Cornwallis (18th century)- Created the systemwhere tenant farmers supported the landlords.
5.Wellesly18th century
-expanded British influence in India.
C/C:
COT:

Question 20

Trade in the Muslim Empires

Answer 20

16th-19th century; Middle east
1.Ottoman Empire-
-Gave Russian merchants freedom of trade within the empire in 16th.
-Gained control of shipping in the Eastern Mediterranean in 16th.
-Slaves purchased from Spain, & North Africa.
2.Safavid Theocracy-
-Abbas17-supported trade and commerce
-Gov’t traded land to Qizilbash for military service
3.Mughal Empire-
-Extremely wealthly
C/C: compare: to trade around the world (Europe, China, etc.) most places had the freedom to trade with others/ neighboring regions
COT: