Chapter 21: The Revolution in Politics (1775-1815)

Question 1

Bourgeoisie

Answer 1

1. 18th CE, France
2. Upper middle class, third estate
3. Led entire third estate in a social revolution
4. Destroyed feudal privileges and established capitalist order based on individualism and market economy
5. CC: Compare to upper classes in Britian;
   6 COT: continued to be a social class up until modern times;

Question 2

Louis XV

Answer 2

1. Mid 18th CE, France
2. Under Louis parlement regained the right to evaluate royal decrees before they were given the force of law
3. His chancellor abolished the existing parlements and taxed privellaged groups
4. CC: contrast his absolute monarchy to American democracy;
5. COT: change because his rule marked the removal of the divine sanction Louis XIV used to justify his absolutist rule (desacralization); continued because after his rule, French monarchs ceased to use divine sanction to justify their rule.

Question 3

Louis XVI

Answer 3

1. Late 18th CE, France
2. Accepted constitutional monarchy (with reluctance) and accepted National assembly’s constitution
3. Dismissed chancellor Maupeou & recalled parliaments & dismissed controlling general Turgot when attempts to liberize economy drew fire
4. CC: Similar to Charles II of Britain in that both accepted a constitutional monarchy
5. COT: changed in that during his rule, France gained its first constitutional monarchy; continued in that France kept its constitutional monarchy from his rule on.

Question 4

Estates General

Answer 4

1. Late 18th CE, France
2. Legislative body in pre revolutionary France made up of representatives of each of 3 classes
3. Called back into session in 1789 for the 1st time since 1614
4. Third estates elected lawyers & government officials to represent them with few delegates representing business or working poor
5. CC: compare to English parliament because it was similar legislative body; contrast to English parliament because Estates General had more of a variety of people
6. COT: change because it hadn’t been called in more than 100 years during absolutist rules in the 17th century?;

Question 5

Oath of the Tennis Court

Answer 5

1. Late 18th CE, France
2. Signed by members of the third estate who made a makeshift meeting place at a tennis court
3. In opposition to Louis XVI who was forced to make concessions
4. The group began to call themselves the national assembly
5. CC: compare to American Congress or British Parliament
6. COT: change in that it marked the formation of the French National Assembly; continued in that the group that met there continued to hold their meetings there as the National Assembly

Question 6

Great Fear

Answer 6

1. Late 18th CE, France
2. Fear of vagabonds and outlaws that seized the French countryside 3. Fanned the flames of revolution
3. Peasants suffered
4. CC:
5. COT:?

Question 7

Constitutional Monarchy

Answer 7

1. Late 18th CE, France
2. Form of government
3. King retains his position as head of state
4. The authority to tax and make laws resides in an elected body
5. CC: Compare France to the US in that they both had constitutional monarchies; contrast to absolutist governing style
6. COT: Changed in that before the constitutional monarchy, Europe was led by an Absolutist monarch; continued in that many European states kept their constitutional monarchies from late 18th on

Question 8

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Answer 8

1. Late 18th CE, France
2. Issued by National Assembly stating that men are born and remain free and equal in rights
3. Maintained mankind’s natural rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression
4. Calls for legal equality, representative government, and individual freedom that excluded women from its manifesto
5. CC: Compare to United States’ Bill of Rights
   6 COT: continued in that men continued to gain rights until 19th century with the Civil Code of 1804; changed in that before this was implemented France had an absolutist monarchy

Question 9

March to Versailles

Answer 9

1. Late 18th CE, France
2. Women marched from Paris to Versailles to demand action on the economic crisis effecting the poor women of France
3. Also sought liberal political reforms and a constitutional monarch
4. Effectively ended the rule of an absolutist king Louis XVI
5. CC:
6. COT: change because it pushed Louis XVI to accept a constitutional monarchy; continued in that France maintained its constitutional monarchy from 18th century on; continuity because in the Storming of Bastille people were also rebelling the monarchy

Question 10

Civil Constitution of The Clergy

Answer 10

1. Late 18th CE, France
2. Subordinated the Roman Catholic Church to the French government
3. Required all Church officials to take an oath of loyalty to the Civil Constitution
4. Few of the existing Church officials actually took the oath, causing disunity in the French country
5. CC:
6. COT: Changed relationship between the French government and the Church to be less influential in the French government;

Question 11

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 11

1. Late 18th C.E., London
2. Daring writer who branced out into the ideas of natural law
3. Advocate for women’s rights
4. CC: Compare to Fullter (US early 19th) and Filoaofova (Russia early 19th), both were women’s rights activists
5. COT:?

Question 12

Jacobin Club

Answer 12

1. Late 18th CE, France
2. Political club whose members were a radical republican group
3. In revolutionary France
4. Formed to protect the Revolutions’ gains against an aristocratic rebellion
5. CC:
6. COT: changed because they assisted with revolutionary actions in the French Revolution

Question 13

First, Second, and Third Coalitions

Answer 13

1. Early 19th CE, France
2. Conflict between Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Britain against France
3. Napoleon’s way of making himself supreme by threatening the leaders of each other country
4. Napoleon scored victory during the third coalition
5. CC: Compare to any military alliances such as those under Metternich’s Congress of Vienna or the Three Emperor’s League (19th CE) or those in WWI, WWII, or the Cold War (20th century)
6. COT: Changed in that these coalitions attempted to stop Napoleon from expanding his territories and were eventually successful; continuity because military alliances had been used in Europe from the 1600s (30 Years War) to present (NATO during Cold War)

Question 14

Girondists

Answer 14

1. Late 18th CE, France
2. A group contesting control of the National Convention in France
3. CC: compare to US political parties?;
4. COT:?

Question 15

The Mountain

Answer 15

1. Late 18th CE, France
2. Radical faction of the National Convention led by Robespierre
3. Source of division of political ideologies into left and right
4. National convention was locked in a political life-and-death struggle between the mountain and the Girondists
5. CC: compare to US political parties?;
6. COT: changed because they assisted with revolutionary actions in the French Revolution

Question 16

Danton

Answer 16

1. Late 18th CE, France
2. Was a leader of the Mountain along with Robespierre
3. Robespierre eventually killed him
4. CC:
5. COT:

Question 17

Sans-culottes

Answer 17

1. Early 19th CE, France
2. Laboring poor of Paris
3. Demanded radical political action to guarantee their daily bread
4. CC: Contrast to upper class/ laborers to any country because sans-culottes were poor;
5. COT: ?

Question 18

Committee of Public Safety

Answer 18

1. Late 18th CE, France
2. Formed to deal with the threats of the revolution
3. Collaborated with Robespierre and sans-cluottes to form planned economy
4. Obtained dictatorial authority
5. CC:
6. COT: changed because it assisted with revolutionary actions in the French Revolution

Question 19

Planned Economy

Answer 19

1. Early 19th CE, France
2. Response to inflation and high unemployment rates
3. Robespierre and the government set max prices for products rather than relying on supply and demand
4. CC: Compare to Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP) and Stalin’s 5 Year Plans
5. COT: continued some of Colbert’s mercantilism reforms in that Robespierre tried to make France self-sufficient;

Question 20

Robespierre and the Reign of Terror

Answer 20

1. Late 18th CE, France
2. Robespierre used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front of France
3. Many French were killed and others feared for their lives
4. CC: Compare to Ivan the Terrible (16);
5. COT: change because before Robespierre, revolutionary terror had not been used in France;

Question 21

Nationalism

Answer 21

1. Late 18th CE, France
2. Patriotic dedication to a national state and mission
3. Decisive element in the French Republic’s victory
4. CC: Compare to nationalism in the US and South America or anywhere in the world from 19th century on;
5. COT: Continued in that nationalism was popular in France from late 18th century

Question 22

Haitian Revolution and Toussaint L’Ouverture

Answer 22

1. Late 18th CE, France
2. Military leader who acted as an independent ruler of Saint-Domingue
3. Caused civil war resulting in the creation and independence of Haiti
4. CC:Compare to nationalist revolutions in South America and Africa or compare to Saint Domingue in that both experienced conflict regarding the lower classes and were eventually ruled by the same person (L’Ouverture)
5. COT: Changed in that Haiti gained independence from France;

Question 23

Saint Domingue

Answer 23

1. 18th CE, present day Haiti
2. Piece of land owned by the French where massive slave revolts took place
3. Ruled by Toussaint L’Ouverture
4. CC: Compare to Haiti in that both experienced conflict regarding the lower classes and were eventually ruled by the same person (L’Ouverture)
5. COT: Changed in that slaves were freed and granted political rights;

Question 24

Thermidorian Reaction

Answer 24

1. Late 18th CE, France
2. Period after execution of Robespierre
3. Reaction to the violence of the reign of terror
4. Middle class professionals asserted their authority in the time of revolution
5. CC:
6. COT: Changed in that it marked the end of the Reign of Terror in France;

Question 25

The Directory

Answer 25

1. Late 18th, France
2. A five man executive chosen by the assembly who governed France in the end of the French Revolution
3. Supported the French military
4. Reinforced disgust with war and starvation
5. CC:
6. COT: continuity in that it was also a constitutional government system

Question 26

Grand Empire/France under Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 26

1. Early 19th CE, Europe
2. Napoleon’s name for the European that he intended to rule
3. France, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and smaller dependent states
4. CC:
5. COT: Change in that it was a short-lived expansion of France across mostly Austria, Prussia, and Russia;

Question 27

Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code)

Answer 27

1. Early 19th CE, France
2. A set of organized law codes, which effectively ended all remanants of feudalism in most of Europe, and allowed certian rights to all people.
3. Equality of all male citizens before law and absolute security of wealth and private property
4. CC: Compare to Bill of Rights
5. COT: Continuity in that it reasserted civil rights in France which were originally given with the Declaration of Rights of Man in late 18th century;

Question 28

Napoleonic Wars/French conquest

Answer 28

1. Early 19th CE, France
2. Series of wars against Napoleon and the French empire sparked by the French revolution
3. Napoleon won and conquered much of Europe until he attempted to capture Russia and was defeated
4. CC: Compare to WWII when Hitler’s armies were also forced to stop their conquest in Russia because of the harsh winter;
5. COT: Change in that France was expanded across mostly Austria, Prussia, and Russia;

Question 29

Bourbon Restoration/Louis XVIII

Answer 29

1. Early 19th CE, Europe
2. Louis lead the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty
3. Tried to gain support by granting civil liberties and laws in favor of the citizens
4. Napoleon escaped from Elba to come attack Louis and ruin his attempts, it worked when Louis fled and Napoleon took command
5. CC:
6. COT: Change because it marked the end of the Napoleonic Era;