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P & P I > Chapter 3 WS > Flashcards

Chapter 3 WS Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Represents a set of circumstances in which cellular processes associated with life proceed normally and in accordance with the function genetically assigned to each cell

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2
Q

define apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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3
Q

why are dead cells easily rocognized under a microscope

A

because enzymes begin to destroy them

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4
Q

what is the hallmark characteristic for reversible cell damage and why does this occur

A

cellular swelling

Because the cellular membrane fails to properly regulate the concentration of sodium and water in the cell

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5
Q

what are the four cardinal signs of inflammation

A

redness, swelling, warmth, and pain

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6
Q

6 of the most common agents (according to W/L) that cause tissue damage leading to an inflammatory response

A 
Hypoxia, 
microbial infections, 
ionizing radiation, 
chemicals, 
allergic or immune reactions, and 
cancer.
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7
Q

is the inflammatory response always helpful. and why or why not?

A

no, Chronic inflammation can lead to tissue destruction

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8
Q

What is the purpose of steroids?

A

To prevent the effects of cellular overactivity in chronic inflammation, which can lead to tissue destruction`

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9
Q

what is the most common cause of tissue damage, and what does this mean?

A

hypoxia

A deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues

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10
Q

What is the most recognized cause of inflammation in patient undergoing radiation therapy?

A

infections produced by bacteria and other microbes

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11
Q

For radiation therapists, what is the most obvious and frequently seen cause of tissue damage?

A

ionizing radiation

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12
Q

what is the primary objective of radiaiton therapy

A

To lethally damage all cancer cells in a predefined volume of tissue, thus rendering the surviving normal tissue free of neoplastic disease.

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13
Q

what are free radicals

A
  • Atom or atom group in a highly reactive transient state that is carrying an unpaired electron with no charge
  • Highly reactive groups of atoms that are usually intermediary products of oxygen metabolism.
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14
Q

what is extravasation and explain relationship to chemo

A

Extravasation is the accidental leakage of intravenous drugs into the tissue surrounding the venipuncture, either through a weak portion of the vein or because the needle has punctured the vein and the infusion goes directly into the surrounding tissue. Chemotherapy drugs are chemicals and these chemicals can cause damage to superficial tissue if extravasation occurs.

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15
Q

the U.S., What is the second leading cause of cancer related death? and the second?

A

cancer and heart disease

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16
Q

define neoplasia

A

new growth

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17
Q

Explain what poorly differentiated cells are compared to well differentiated cells.

A

Poorly differentiated cells have very little resemblance of the cell or origin whereas well differentiated more closely resemble the cell or origin.

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18
Q

Carcinomas refer to malignant tumors that originate in which type of cells?

A

epithelial

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19
Q

Sarcomas refer to malignant tumors that originate in which type cells

A

mesenchymaial (connective tissue, nerve tissue, muscle tissue)

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20
Q

define hyperchromatic nuclei

A

nuclei that are darker than the nuclei in cells normally found in that location.

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21
Q

initiators

A

The agent the cell becomes exposed to that causes an irreversible mutation of the cell.

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22
Q

latent period

A

the time between the initiating event and the clinical appearance of the tumor. This can take months to years.

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23
Q

promoter

A

Substance that enhances the growth of the initiated cell.

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24
Q

what is a genome

A

The genetic complement found in the chromosomes of a given organism

-Complete complement of hereditary factors as found on a haploid distribution of chromosomes

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25
Q

What are viral oncogenes.

A

Genes of viral derivation that have become incorporated into chromosomes of the host cell.

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26
Q

What is EBV and what types of cancers is it associated with?

A

Epstein-Barr virus, associated with Burkitts lymphoma, immunoblastic lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancers.

27
Q

What is HPV and what types of cancers it is associated with?

A

Human papillomavirus, associated with cervical cancer and cancers of the head and neck, especially oral cavity cancers.

28
Q

What is HBV and what types of cancer is it associated with?

A

Hepatitis B virus and is associated with liver cancer

29
Q

What is HTLV-1 and what type of cancer is it associated with?

A

Human T-cell Leukemia Type 1 virus and is associated with Leukemia

30
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma is cancer of what organ?

A

liver

31
Q

Ultraviolet radiation is associated with what types of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma

32
Q

List the three most commonly used invasive procedures to make a diagnosis of cancer listed in order from least invasive to most invasive.

A

1) recovery of exfoliating cells
2) fine needle aspiration
3) open biopsy

33
Q

Recovery of exfoliating cells

A

the study of single cells obtained from various surfaces or secretions shed by the tumor. Ex. Pap Smear

34
Q

fine needle aspiration

A

recovery technique that acquires single cells. The cells are recovered through a fine needle inserted directly into the tumor. It is a quick way to determine if the cyst is solid or fluid filled. Ex. Needle aspiration of a breast mass that can be felt.

35
Q

open biopsy

A

Most invasive of the three recovery techniques. The tumor is surgically removed totally or partly. Can be incisional or excisional. Ex. breast mass biopsy

36
Q

What is the primary reason for staining

A

To allow for better visualization of cell components under a microscope. Ex. certain parts of the cell such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, or a cell wall can be highlighted for the pathologist

37
Q

define tumor grade

A

A specification that describes the apparent microscopic aggressiveness of the cancer as determined by cytologic and morphologic criteria.

38
Q

define tumor staging

A

A description of the extent of the tumor at the time of diagnosis.

39
Q

what is clinical stage

A

Stage assigned on the basis of physical examination with or without the assistance of certain imaging studies. It is based on recognition of the tumor size, invasiveness, and local or distant metastases.

40
Q

what is pathologic stage

A

Staging of the tumor based on what the cells look like under a microscope.

41
Q

Which phase of the cell cycle synthesizes nuclear DNA and duplicates chromosomes

A

S

42
Q

what is the shortest phase of the cell cycle

A

M

43
Q

how long does it usually take for mitosis to occur

A

2 hours

44
Q

The law of Bergonie and Tribondau states that radiation is most effective on what type of cells.

A

cells that are actively dividing

45
Q

In what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

A

S

46
Q

what is an oncogene

A

Gene that regulates the development and growth of cancerous tissues.

47
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes

A

Gene whose presence and proper function produces normal cellular growth and division. Absence or inactivation of such a gene leads to uncontrolled growth or neoplasia.

Tumor suppressor genes slow down cell division, repair DNA and tell cells to die (apoptosis)

48
Q

what is gene amplification

A

An overproduction and therefore overexpression of a gene.

49
Q

What is chromosome translocation and where are they frequently encountered?

A

The chromosomes break and the broken fragments switch to another chromosome.
They are frequently found in hematologic malignancies such as chronic myelogenous leukemia. P

50
Q

carcinomas mainly mets via _____

A

lymph

51
Q

most common classification of cancer (about 90%)

A

carcinomas

52
Q

sarcomas mainly mets via ________

A

blood

53
Q

in sarcomas what is the most common mets site

A

lungs

54
Q

radiation exposure is associated with what cancer?

A

leukemia

55
Q

exposure to asbestos is associated with what cancer

A

mesothelioma

56
Q

exposure to alkylating chemotherapy agents is associated with what cancer

A

acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

57
Q

exposure to soot is associated with what cancer

A

carcinoma of the scrotum

58
Q

wood dust is associated with what cancer

A

adenocarcinoma of the nasal sinus

59
Q

arsenic is associated with what cancer

A

basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin; lung cancer

60
Q

aflatoxin is associated with what cancer

A

carcinoma of the liver

61
Q

nitrosamines is associated with what cancer

A

cancers of the stomach

62
Q

long exposure to estrogen is associated with what cancer

A

endometrial cancer

63
Q

diets high in fat are associated with what cancer

A

colon cancer

P & P I (24 decks)

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