Chapter 3 WS Flashcards
Define homeostasis
Represents a set of circumstances in which cellular processes associated with life proceed normally and in accordance with the function genetically assigned to each cell
define apoptosis
programmed cell death
why are dead cells easily rocognized under a microscope
because enzymes begin to destroy them
what is the hallmark characteristic for reversible cell damage and why does this occur
cellular swelling
Because the cellular membrane fails to properly regulate the concentration of sodium and water in the cell
what are the four cardinal signs of inflammation
redness, swelling, warmth, and pain
6 of the most common agents (according to W/L) that cause tissue damage leading to an inflammatory response
Hypoxia, microbial infections, ionizing radiation, chemicals, allergic or immune reactions, and cancer.
is the inflammatory response always helpful. and why or why not?
no, Chronic inflammation can lead to tissue destruction
What is the purpose of steroids?
To prevent the effects of cellular overactivity in chronic inflammation, which can lead to tissue destruction`
what is the most common cause of tissue damage, and what does this mean?
hypoxia
A deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues
What is the most recognized cause of inflammation in patient undergoing radiation therapy?
infections produced by bacteria and other microbes
For radiation therapists, what is the most obvious and frequently seen cause of tissue damage?
ionizing radiation
what is the primary objective of radiaiton therapy
To lethally damage all cancer cells in a predefined volume of tissue, thus rendering the surviving normal tissue free of neoplastic disease.
what are free radicals
- Atom or atom group in a highly reactive transient state that is carrying an unpaired electron with no charge
- Highly reactive groups of atoms that are usually intermediary products of oxygen metabolism.
what is extravasation and explain relationship to chemo
Extravasation is the accidental leakage of intravenous drugs into the tissue surrounding the venipuncture, either through a weak portion of the vein or because the needle has punctured the vein and the infusion goes directly into the surrounding tissue. Chemotherapy drugs are chemicals and these chemicals can cause damage to superficial tissue if extravasation occurs.
the U.S., What is the second leading cause of cancer related death? and the second?
cancer and heart disease
define neoplasia
new growth
Explain what poorly differentiated cells are compared to well differentiated cells.
Poorly differentiated cells have very little resemblance of the cell or origin whereas well differentiated more closely resemble the cell or origin.
Carcinomas refer to malignant tumors that originate in which type of cells?
epithelial
Sarcomas refer to malignant tumors that originate in which type cells
mesenchymaial (connective tissue, nerve tissue, muscle tissue)
define hyperchromatic nuclei
nuclei that are darker than the nuclei in cells normally found in that location.
initiators
The agent the cell becomes exposed to that causes an irreversible mutation of the cell.
latent period
the time between the initiating event and the clinical appearance of the tumor. This can take months to years.
promoter
Substance that enhances the growth of the initiated cell.
what is a genome
The genetic complement found in the chromosomes of a given organism
-Complete complement of hereditary factors as found on a haploid distribution of chromosomes
What are viral oncogenes.
Genes of viral derivation that have become incorporated into chromosomes of the host cell.
What is EBV and what types of cancers is it associated with?
Epstein-Barr virus, associated with Burkitts lymphoma, immunoblastic lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancers.
What is HPV and what types of cancers it is associated with?
Human papillomavirus, associated with cervical cancer and cancers of the head and neck, especially oral cavity cancers.
What is HBV and what types of cancer is it associated with?
Hepatitis B virus and is associated with liver cancer
What is HTLV-1 and what type of cancer is it associated with?
Human T-cell Leukemia Type 1 virus and is associated with Leukemia
Hepatocellular carcinoma is cancer of what organ?
liver
Ultraviolet radiation is associated with what types of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma
List the three most commonly used invasive procedures to make a diagnosis of cancer listed in order from least invasive to most invasive.
1) recovery of exfoliating cells
2) fine needle aspiration
3) open biopsy
Recovery of exfoliating cells
the study of single cells obtained from various surfaces or secretions shed by the tumor. Ex. Pap Smear
fine needle aspiration
recovery technique that acquires single cells. The cells are recovered through a fine needle inserted directly into the tumor. It is a quick way to determine if the cyst is solid or fluid filled. Ex. Needle aspiration of a breast mass that can be felt.
open biopsy
Most invasive of the three recovery techniques. The tumor is surgically removed totally or partly. Can be incisional or excisional. Ex. breast mass biopsy
What is the primary reason for staining
To allow for better visualization of cell components under a microscope. Ex. certain parts of the cell such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, or a cell wall can be highlighted for the pathologist
define tumor grade
A specification that describes the apparent microscopic aggressiveness of the cancer as determined by cytologic and morphologic criteria.
define tumor staging
A description of the extent of the tumor at the time of diagnosis.
what is clinical stage
Stage assigned on the basis of physical examination with or without the assistance of certain imaging studies. It is based on recognition of the tumor size, invasiveness, and local or distant metastases.
what is pathologic stage
Staging of the tumor based on what the cells look like under a microscope.
Which phase of the cell cycle synthesizes nuclear DNA and duplicates chromosomes
S
what is the shortest phase of the cell cycle
M
how long does it usually take for mitosis to occur
2 hours
The law of Bergonie and Tribondau states that radiation is most effective on what type of cells.
cells that are actively dividing
In what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
S
what is an oncogene
Gene that regulates the development and growth of cancerous tissues.
What are tumor suppressor genes
Gene whose presence and proper function produces normal cellular growth and division. Absence or inactivation of such a gene leads to uncontrolled growth or neoplasia.
Tumor suppressor genes slow down cell division, repair DNA and tell cells to die (apoptosis)
what is gene amplification
An overproduction and therefore overexpression of a gene.
What is chromosome translocation and where are they frequently encountered?
The chromosomes break and the broken fragments switch to another chromosome.
They are frequently found in hematologic malignancies such as chronic myelogenous leukemia. P
carcinomas mainly mets via _____
lymph
most common classification of cancer (about 90%)
carcinomas
sarcomas mainly mets via ________
blood
in sarcomas what is the most common mets site
lungs
radiation exposure is associated with what cancer?
leukemia
exposure to asbestos is associated with what cancer
mesothelioma
exposure to alkylating chemotherapy agents is associated with what cancer
acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
exposure to soot is associated with what cancer
carcinoma of the scrotum
wood dust is associated with what cancer
adenocarcinoma of the nasal sinus
arsenic is associated with what cancer
basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin; lung cancer
aflatoxin is associated with what cancer
carcinoma of the liver
nitrosamines is associated with what cancer
cancers of the stomach
long exposure to estrogen is associated with what cancer
endometrial cancer
diets high in fat are associated with what cancer
colon cancer
