Chapter 1 WS Flashcards

1
Q

What is ionizing radiation?

A

Radiation consisting of particles, X-rays or gamma rays, with sufficient energy to cause ionization (removes electrons from the atomic shells of the target which can lead to breaking of chemical bonds and other damages leading to cell death) in the medium through which it passes.

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2
Q

In 1600 BC, what was believed to be the cause of cancer

A

black bile

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3
Q

define cellular differentiation

A

A stem cell that undergoes mitosis and divides into daughter cells. It is the degree to which a cell resembles its cell of origin in morphology and function

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4
Q

cancer is a disease of the

A

genes

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5
Q

what are somatic cells

A

Any cell of a living organism other than reproductive cells.

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6
Q

define proto-oncogenes

A

Normal genes that play a role in normal growth and differentiation. They are precursors of oncogenes.

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7
Q

define oncogenes

A

genes that regulate the development and growth of cancerous tissue

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8
Q

define antionocogenes

A

? Also called tumor-suppressor genes. Genes that tell cells to stop multiplying. Inactivation of antioncogenes allows the malignant process to flourish

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9
Q

what is a DNA point mutation

A

A change within a gene in which one base pair in the DNA sequence is altered. Point mutations are frequently the result of mistakes made during DNA replication, although modification of DNA, such as through exposure to X-rays or to ultraviolet radiation, also can induce point mutations.

Can transform a pro-oncogene into an oncogene, resulting in unrestricted cellular growth. P. 3

Example of a DNA point mutation is sickle cell anemia. This single small change causes a normally round red blood cell to instead be sickle-shaped.

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10
Q

what is a DNA amplification

A

An increase in the number of copies of a gene. There may also be an increase in the RNA and protein made from that gene. Gene amplification is common in cancer cells, and some amplified genes may cause cancer cells to grow or become resistant to anticancer drugs.

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11
Q

what are DNA translocations

A

? In a translocation, a segment from one chromosome is transferred to a nonhomologous chromosome or to a new site on the same chromosome. Translocations place genes in new linkage relationships and generate chromosomes without normal pairing partners

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12
Q
  1. What is the relationship between cancer and point mutation, amplification, and translocations?
A

These mutations transform a proto-oncogene into an oncogene, resulting in unrestricted cellular grown

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13
Q

what are mammalian cells

A

Cells that belong to any warm blooded vertebrate having the skin more or less covered with hair;young are born alive and are nourished with milk

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14
Q

located outside the cell cycle continuum because these cells are fully functioning, not preparing for DNA replication.

A

G0 phase

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15
Q

(first growth phase)-characterized by rapid growth and active metabolism. The length of time a cell remains here is variable.
The cells synthesizes the necessary RNA and proteins to carry out the function of the cell.

A

G1 phase

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16
Q

the period in which the cell prepare for actual division. Enzymes and proteins are synthesized and the cell continues to grow and moves relatively quickly into the M phase

A

G2 phase

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17
Q

cells divides

A

M (mitosis)

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18
Q

during which phase of the cell cycle are cells most sensitive to radiation

A

G2 and M; but if you only option is to pick one, choose M this is when the cell is actually dividing

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19
Q

define necrosis

A

dead tissue

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20
Q

why does necrosis occur when malignant tumors grow larger

A

Because the tumor outgrows the blood, oxygen and nutrient supply

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21
Q

what does the gompertzian growth curve demonstrate

A

Demonstrates that with cancer: there is rapid cellular proliferation followed by continuous but slowed proliferation.

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22
Q

define cell morphology

A

identifying the shape, structure, form, and size of cells.

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23
Q

define pleomorphic cells

A

cells vary in size and shape

24
Q

define cell doubling time

A

the amount of time it takes for one cell to divide or for a group of tumo cells to double in size

25
Q

how are tumors classified

A

by their anatomic site, cell of origin, and biologic behavior

26
Q

define well differentiated tumors

A

closely resemble their cell of origin

27
Q

Define undifferentiated tumors

A

do not resemble normal cells

28
Q

tumors are divided into what two categories

A

benign or malignant

29
Q

Give an example of a benign tumor that might be considered behaviorally malignant

A

brain tumor because of the adverse effect on the host

30
Q

-oma

A

tumor

31
Q

If the suffix oma is on the end of a root word, does this indicate a tumor is benign or malignant?

A

benign but there are exceptions

32
Q

is melanoma benign or malignant

A

malignant

33
Q

define mets

A

Spreading of a cancer to a site in the body distant from the primary site

34
Q

What are mesenchymal cells

A

Stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types such as cells that make up connective tissue such as cartilage, bone, and adipose(fat) tissue; muscle tissue

35
Q

what are sarcomas

A

tumors that arise from mesenchymal cells

36
Q

are sarcomas malignant

A

yes

37
Q

what are carcinomas

A

tumors that originate from epithelia tissue

38
Q

Malignant tumors that originate from the lining of epithelium are called what?

A

Squamous cell carcinomas (ex. Squamous cells carcinoma of the lung, oral cavity, pharynx, anus, cervix

39
Q

Malignant tumors that originate from glandular epithelial cells are called what?

A

Adenocarcinomas. (ex. Adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum, endometrium, prostate.

40
Q

what is hodgkin disease

A

cancer of the lymphatic system

41
Q

what is wilms tumor

A

kidney cancer that primarily affects children

42
Q

what is ewing sarcoma

A

A type of cancer that occurs in bone or soft tissue around the bone. Usually occurs in adolescents or young adults.

43
Q

define in situ

A

An early form of cancer defined by the absence of invasion, the tumor has not broken through the basement membrane into the connective tissue.

44
Q

List the 3 most common types of invasive cancers in men.

A

prostate, lung, colorectal cancer

45
Q

List the 3 most common types of invasive cancers in women

A

breast, lung, colorectal cancer

46
Q

The Papanicolaou smear is a screening test for which type of cancer?

A

cervical cancer

47
Q

When the American Cancer Society records its cancer statistics, are in situ carcinomas included in the numbers?

A

No

48
Q

What specific type of cancer is not included in the ACS records for cancer stats?

A

skin cancer with the exception of melanoma

49
Q

Are the incidences of certain types of cancers the same all around the world? No Why or Why not?

A

Diet and geographic environmental factors contribute to the incidence

50
Q

define etiology

A

the study of the casue of a disease

51
Q

5 etiology factors for cancer

A

Cigarette smoke, human papillomavirus virus (HPV), alcohol, sun exposure, ionizing radiation

52
Q

3 ways etiologic and epidemiology information is used

A

Used to determine screening tests for early detection,
produce patient education programs,
identify target populations`

53
Q

define epidemiology

A

the study of disease incidence

54
Q

how does epidemiology provide statistical info for national databases

A

National databases provide statistical information about patterns of cancer occurrence and death rates. With this information, researchers can determine the incidence of cancer occurrence in population for factors such as age, gender, race, and geographic location. Researchers can also determine which specific type of cancer affects which specific group of people. Can also help to determine trends in disease (increase or decrease in incidences of certain types of cancer over time)

55
Q

According to the statistics, who has a higher incidence of prostate cancer in the U.S. (African-American men or white men)?

A

africian american men

56
Q

period in which DNA is replicated to ensure that the resulting daughter cells will have identical genetic material.

A

S phase (synthesis)