Chapter 3 - Thermodynamics

Question 1

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 1

When one object is in thermal equilibrium with another object, and the second object is in thermal equilibrium with a third object, then the first and third object are also in thermal equilibrium

Question 2

Heat

Answer 2

Transfer of thermal energy from high to low temperature

Question 3

Absolute Zero

Answer 3

Theoretical temperature at which there is no thermal energy

Question 4

Third Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 4

The entropy of a perfectly organized crystal at absolute zero is zero

Question 5

Thermal Expansion

Answer 5

An increase in the length or volume of a substance as a result of an in increase in temperature

Question 6

System

Answer 6

Portion of the universe that we are interested in observing or manipulating

Question 7

Isolated Systems

Answer 7

Not capable of exchanging energy or matter with their surroundings

Question 8

Closed Systems

Answer 8

Capable of exchanging energy, but not matter, with surroundings

Question 9

Open Systems

Answer 9

Can exchange both matter and energy with the environment

Question 10

State Functions

Answer 10

Thermodynamic properties that are a function of only the current equilibrium state of a system
- Independent of path taken

Question 11

Process Functions

Answer 11

Describe the path taken to get from one state to another

Question 12

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 12

The change in the total internal energy of a system is equal to the amount of energy transferred in the form of heat to the system, minus the amount of energy transferred from the system in the form of work

Question 13

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 13

Objects in thermal contact and not in thermal equilibrium will exchange heat energy such that the object with a higher temperature will give off heat energy to the object with a lower temperature until both objects have the same temperature at thermal equilibrium

Question 14

Conduction

Answer 14

Direct transfer of energy from molecule to molecule through molecular collisions
- Heat from stove to fingers

Question 15

Convection

Answer 15

Transfer of heat by the physical motion of a fluid over a material
- Convection oven, cold water bath

Question 16

Radiation

Answer 16

Transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
- Sun warms earth

Question 17

Specific Heat

Answer 17

The amount of heat energy required to raise one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius or one unit Kelvin

Question 18

Freezing or Solidification

Answer 18

Liquid to solid

Question 19

Melting or fusion

Answer 19

Solid to liquid

Question 20

Boiling, evaporation, or vaporization

Answer 20

Liquid to gas

Question 21

Condensation

Answer 21

Gas to liquid

Question 22

Isothermal

Answer 22

Thermodynamic process
- constant temperature
- No change in internal energy

Question 23

Adiabatic

Answer 23

Thermodynamic process
- No heat exchange

Question 24

Isovolumetric

Answer 24

Thermodynamic process
- No change in volume
- No work accomplished

Question 25

Isobaric

Answer 25

Thermodynamic process
- constant pressure

Question 26

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 26

Objects in thermal contact and not in thermal equilibrium will exchange heat energy such that the object with a higher temperature will give off heat energy to the object with a lower temperature until both objects have the same temperature at thermal equilibrium

Question 27

Entropy

Answer 27

Measure of the spontaneous dispersal of energy at a specific temperature