CHAPTER 3 (the self)

Question 1

self

Answer 1

our sense of personal identity and of who we are as individuals

Question 2

self-concept

Answer 2

a knowledge representation that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, ability, values, goals and roles as well as the knowledge that we exists as individuals

Question 3

self-schema

Answer 3

variety of different cognitive aspects of the self

Question 4

self-reference memory

Answer 4

information that is processed in relationship to the self is particularly well remembered

Question 5

personality traits

Answer 5

the specific and stable personality characteristics that describe an individual

Question 6

social identity

Answer 6

the sense of our self that involves our membership in social groups

Question 7

self-complexity

Answer 7

the extent to which individuals have many different and relatively independent ways of thinking about themselves

Question 8

self-concept clarity

Answer 8

the extent to which one’s self-concept is clearly and consistently defined

Question 9

self-awareness

Answer 9

the extent to which we are currently fixing our attention on our own self-concept

Question 10

self-conciousness

Answer 10

when our self-concept becomes highly accessible because of our concerns about being observed and potentially judged by others

Question 11

deindividuation

Answer 11

the loss of individual self-awareness and individual accountability in groups

Question 12

private self-conciousness

Answer 12

the tendency to introspect about our inner thoughts and feelings

Question 13

public self-conciousness

Answer 13

the tendency to focus on our outer public image and to be particularly aware of extent to which we are meeting the standards set by others

Question 14

self-awareness theory

Answer 14

when we focus our attention on ourselves, we tend to compare our current behaviour against our international standards

Question 15

self-discrepancy theory

Answer 15

when we perceive a discrepancy between our actual and ideal selves this is distressing to us

Question 16

cognitive dissonance

Answer 16

the discomfort that occurs when we respond in ways that we see as inconsistent

Question 17

self-affirmation theory

Answer 17

people will try to reduce threat to their self-concept posed by feelings of self-discrepancy by focusing on and affirming their worth in another domain, unrelated to the issue at hand

Question 18

self-esteem

Answer 18

refers to the positive (high self-esteem) or negative (low self-esteem) feelings that we have about ourselves.

Question 19

narcissism

Answer 19

personality trait characterized by overly high self-esteem, self-admiration and self centeredness

Question 20

self-verification theory

Answer 20

people often seek confirmation of their self-concept, whether it is positive or negative

Question 21

looking-glass self

Answer 21

part of how we see ourselves comes form our perception of how others see us

Question 22

labeling bias

Answer 22

when we are labeled, and others’ views and expectations of us are affected by that labeling

Question 23

self-labeling

Answer 23

when we adopt others’ labels explicitly into our self-concept

Question 24

internalized prejudice

Answer 24

when individuals turn prejudice directed towards them by others onto themselves

Question 25

social comparison

Answer 25

when we learn about abilities and skills, about appropriateness and validity of our opinions, and about our relative social status by comparing our own attitudes, beliefs and behaviours with those of others

Question 26

downward social comparison

Answer 26

when we attempt to create a positive image of ourselves through favourable comparisons with others who are worse off than we are

Question 27

upward social comparison

Answer 27

when we compare ourselves with others who are better off than we are

Question 28

basking in the reflected glory

Answer 28

when we use and advertise our in-groups’ positive achievements to boot our self-esteem

Question 29

social identity theory

Answer 29

we draw part of our sense of identity and self-esteem from the social groups that we belong to

Question 30

self-evaluation maintenance theory

Answer 30

asserts that our self-esteem can be threatened when someone else out performs us, particularly if that person is close to us and their performance domain is central to our self-concepts

Question 31

self-presentation

Answer 31

the tendency to present a positive self-image to others, with the goal of increasing our social status

Question 32

reputation management

Answer 32

form of long-term self-presentation, where individuals seek to build and sustain specific reputations with important audiences

Question 33

self-monitoring

Answer 33

refers to the tendency to be both motivated and capable of regulating our behaviours to meet the demands of social situations