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PSYC 200 (sociology) > CHAPTER 1 (introducing social psychology) > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1 (introducing social psychology) Flashcards

1
Q

social psychology

A

is the scientific study of how we feel about, think about and behave towards the people around us and how our feelings, thoughts and behaviours are influenced by those people

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2
Q

how did sociology begin?

A

when scientists were able to first measured thoughts, feelings and behaviour of humans

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3
Q

who is the father of sociology?

A

Kurt Lewin

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4
Q

who refined the experimental approach?

A

Kurt Lewin and Leon Festinger

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5
Q

who developed a model to explain why do and don’t help and when?

A

John Darley and Bibb Lantane in 1968

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6
Q

who pioneered the study of human aggression and when?

A

Leonard Berkowitz in 1974

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7
Q

what did Irving Janis study in 1922?

A

he focused on group behaviour, studying why intelligent people sometimes made decisions that led to disastrous results when they worked together

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8
Q

what did Gordon Allport and Muzafir Sherif study?

A

they focused on intergroup relations to understand and reduce stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination

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9
Q

how did sociology develop in the 70s and 80s?

A

it became more cognitive oriented

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10
Q

social cognition

A

an understanding of how our knowledge about our social worlds develop through experience and the influence of these knowledge structures on memory, information processing , attitudes and judgment

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11
Q

social neuroscience

A

the study of how social behaviour both influences and is influenced by the activities of our brain

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12
Q

social influence

A

the process through which other people change our thoughts, feelings and behaviours and through which we change theirs

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13
Q

evolutionary adaptation

A

the assumption that human nature, including much of our social behaviour, is determined largely by our evolutionary past

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14
Q

fitness

A

refers to the extent to which having a given characteristic helps the individual organism to survive and to reproduce at a higher rate than do other members of the species who do not have the characteristic

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15
Q

self concern

A

motivation to protect and enhance the self and the other people who are psychologically close to us

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16
Q

other concern

A

motivation to affiliate with, accept and be accepted by others

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17
Q

kin selection

A

strategies that favour the reproductive success of one’s relative, sometimes even at a cost to the individuals own survival

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18
Q

in group

A

those we view as being similar and important to us and with whom we share close social connections

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19
Q

social norms

A

the way of thinking, feeling, or behaviour that are shared bu group members and perceived by them as appropriate

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20
Q

culture

A

represents a group of people, normally living within a given geographical region, who share common set pf social norms, including religious and family values and moral beliefs

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21
Q

individualism

A

cultural norms, common in Western societies, that focus primarily on self-enhancement and independence

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22
Q

collectivism

A

these norms indicate that people should be more fundamentally connected with others and thus are more oriented towards in dependence

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23
Q

what are the ABC’s of sociology?

A

A (affect), B ( behaviour) and C (cognition)

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24
Q

social cognition

A

cognition that relates to social activities and that help us understand and predict the behaviour of ourselves and others

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25
Q

schema

A

is a knowledge representation that includes information about a person or group

26
Q

attitude

A

is a knowledge representation that includes primarily our liking or disliking of a person, thing or group

27
Q

affect

A

feelings we experience as a part of our everyday lives

28
Q

mood

A

the positive or negative feelings that are in the background of our everyday experience

29
Q

emotions

A

brief, but often intense, mental and physiological feeling states

30
Q

social exchange

A

sharing of goods, service, emotions and other social outcomes

31
Q

give 3 examples of social rewards

A
  • praise
  • love
  • support
32
Q

give 3 examples of social costs

A
  • guilt
  • frustration
  • disagreement
33
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

to cooperate by giving benefits to those who are in need, with expectations of a return of benefits at a future time

34
Q

empirical

A

based on the collection and systematic analysis of observable data

35
Q

hindsight bias

A

tendency to think that we could have predicted something that we probably would not have been able to predict

36
Q

conceptual variables

A

characteristics that we are trying to measure

37
Q

operational definition

A

particular method that we use to measure a variable of interests

38
Q

self report measures

A

measures in which individuals are asked to respond to questions posed by an interviewer or on a questionnaire

39
Q

behavioural measures

A

measures designed to directly asses what people do

40
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

technique that records the electrical activity produced by the brain’s neurons through the use of electrodes that are placed around the research participant’s head

41
Q

what are some conceptual variables used in sociology research?

A
  • aggression
  • interpersonal attraction
  • altruism
  • group decision making skills
  • prejudice
42
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

is a neuroimaging technique that uses a magnetic field to create images of brain structure and function

43
Q

what are the 3 major approaches to conducting research used by social psychologists?

A
  • observational approach
  • correlational approach
  • experimental approach
44
Q

observational research

A

research that involves making observation of behaviour and recording those observations in an objective manner

45
Q

research hypothesis

A

specific prediction about the relationship between the variables of interest and about the specific direction of that relationship

46
Q

falsifiable

A

the outcome of the research can demonstrate empirically either that there is support for the hypothesis or that there is actually no relationship between the variable or that the actual relationship is not in the direction that was predicted

47
Q

correlational research

A

to search for and test hypotheses about the relationships between two or more variables

48
Q

Pearson correlation coefficient

A

summarize the association, or correlation, between two variables

49
Q

third variable

A

are variables that are not part of the research hypothesis but that cause both the predictor and the outcomes variable and this produce the observed correlation between them

50
Q

experimental research

A

research designs that include manipulation of given situation or experience for two or more groups of individuals who are initially created to be equivalent, followed by a measurement of the effect of the experience

51
Q

independent variable

A

refers to the situation that is created by the experimenter through the experimental manipulations

52
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that is measured after the manipulations have occurred

53
Q

random assignment to condition

A

determining separately for each participant which condition he or she will experience through random process

54
Q

internal validity

A

the extent to which changes in the dependent variable in an experiment can confidently be attributed to changes in the independent variable

55
Q

field experiment

A

experimental research studies that are conducted in a natural environment

56
Q

factorial research design

A

experimental design that have two or more independent variables

57
Q

cover story

A

false statement of what the research was really about

58
Q

experimental confederate

A

a person who is actually part of the experimental team but who pretends to be another participant in the study

59
Q

external validity

A

the extent to which relationships can be expected to hold up when they are tested again in different ways and for different people

60
Q

meta-analysis

A

a statistical procedural in which the results of existing studies are combined to determine what conclusions can be drawn on the basis of all the studies considered together

PSYC 200 (sociology) (10 decks)

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