CHAPTER 2 (social cognition)

Question 1

conditioning

Answer 1

the ability to connect stimuli (things or events in the environment) with response (behaviour or other actions)

Question 2

operant learning

Answer 2

the principle that experiences that are followed by positive emotions (reinforcement or rewards) are likely to be repeated, whereas experiences that are followed by negative emotions (punishment) are less likely to be repeated

Question 3

associational learning

Answer 3

when an object or event comes to be associated with a natural response, such as an automatic behaviour or a positive or negative emotions

Question 4

observational learning

Answer 4

people learn by observing the behaviour of others

Question 5

schema

Answer 5

knowledge representing that includes information about a person, group or situation

Question 6

prefrontal cortex

Answer 6

the part of the brain that lies in front of the motor area of the cortex and that helps us remember the characteristics and actions of other people, plan complex social behaviours and coordinate our behaviours with those of others

Question 7

accomodation

Answer 7

when existing schema charge the basis of new information

Question 8

assimilation

Answer 8

a process in which our existing knowledge, thus reducing the likelihood of schema change

Question 9

confirmation bias

Answer 9

the tendency for people to seek out an favour information that confirms their expectations and beliefs

Question 10

reconstructive memory bias

Answer 10

remember things that match our current beliefs

Question 11

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 11

is a process that occurs when our expectations about others lead us to behave towards those others in ways that make our expectations come true

Question 12

automatic cognition

Answer 12

thinking that occurs out of our awareness, quickly and without taking much effort

Question 13

process fluency

Answer 13

the ease with which we can process information in our environment

Question 14

false consensus bias

Answer 14

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people hold similar views to our own

Question 15

projection bias

Answer 15

the tendency to assume that others share our cognitive and affective states

Question 16

counterfactual bias

Answer 16

the tendency to think about events according to what might have been

Question 17

anchoring and adjustment

Answer 17

the accessibility of the initial information frequently prevents this adjustment from occurring- leading us to weight initial information too heavily and thereby insufficiently move our judgment away from it

Question 18

overconfidence bias

Answer 18

a tendency to be overconfident in our own skills, abilities and judgment

Question 19

optimistic bias

Answer 19

a tendency to believe that positive outcomes are more likely to happen than negative ones, particularly in relation to ourselves versus others

Question 20

depressive realism

Answer 20

social judgment about the future are less positively skewed and often more accurate than those who do not have depression

Question 21

planning fallacy

Answer 21

tendency to overestimate the amount that we can accomplish over a particular time frame

Question 22

blind spot bias

Answer 22

tendency to believe that our own judgments are less susceptible to the influence of bias than those of others

Question 23

affect heuristics

Answer 23

tendency to rely on automatically occurring affective response to stimuli to guide our judgments of them

Question 24

mood-dependent memory

Answer 24

tendency to better remember information when our current mood matches the mood we were in when we encoded that information

Question 25

mood congruence effects

Answer 25

when we are more able to retrieve memories that match our current mood

Question 26

misattribution of arousal

Answer 26

occurs then people incorrectly label the source of the arousal that they are experiencing

Question 27

framing effects

Answer 27

when people’s judgments about different options are affected by whether they are framed as resulting in gains or losses

Question 28

self regulation

Answer 28

the process of setting goals and using our cognitive and affective capacities to reach those goals

Question 29

cognitive reparisal

Answer 29

altering an emotional state by reinterpreting the meaning of triggering situation or stimulus

Question 30

optimistic explanatory style

Answer 30

way of explaining current outcomes affecting the self in a way that leads to an expectation of positive future outcomes

Question 31

self-efficacy

Answer 31

the belief in our ability to carry out actions that produce desired outcomes

Question 32

affective forecasting

Answer 32

our attempts to predict how future events will make us feel