CHAPTER 2 (social cognition) Flashcards
conditioning
the ability to connect stimuli (things or events in the environment) with response (behaviour or other actions)
operant learning
the principle that experiences that are followed by positive emotions (reinforcement or rewards) are likely to be repeated, whereas experiences that are followed by negative emotions (punishment) are less likely to be repeated
associational learning
when an object or event comes to be associated with a natural response, such as an automatic behaviour or a positive or negative emotions
observational learning
people learn by observing the behaviour of others
schema
knowledge representing that includes information about a person, group or situation
prefrontal cortex
the part of the brain that lies in front of the motor area of the cortex and that helps us remember the characteristics and actions of other people, plan complex social behaviours and coordinate our behaviours with those of others
accomodation
when existing schema charge the basis of new information
assimilation
a process in which our existing knowledge, thus reducing the likelihood of schema change
confirmation bias
the tendency for people to seek out an favour information that confirms their expectations and beliefs
reconstructive memory bias
remember things that match our current beliefs
self-fulfilling prophecy
is a process that occurs when our expectations about others lead us to behave towards those others in ways that make our expectations come true
automatic cognition
thinking that occurs out of our awareness, quickly and without taking much effort
process fluency
the ease with which we can process information in our environment
false consensus bias
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people hold similar views to our own
projection bias
the tendency to assume that others share our cognitive and affective states
counterfactual bias
the tendency to think about events according to what might have been
anchoring and adjustment
the accessibility of the initial information frequently prevents this adjustment from occurring- leading us to weight initial information too heavily and thereby insufficiently move our judgment away from it
overconfidence bias
a tendency to be overconfident in our own skills, abilities and judgment
optimistic bias
a tendency to believe that positive outcomes are more likely to happen than negative ones, particularly in relation to ourselves versus others
depressive realism
social judgment about the future are less positively skewed and often more accurate than those who do not have depression
planning fallacy
tendency to overestimate the amount that we can accomplish over a particular time frame
blind spot bias
tendency to believe that our own judgments are less susceptible to the influence of bias than those of others
affect heuristics
tendency to rely on automatically occurring affective response to stimuli to guide our judgments of them
mood-dependent memory
tendency to better remember information when our current mood matches the mood we were in when we encoded that information
