CHAPTER 10 (working groups: performance and decision making)

Question 1

social group

Answer 1

a set of individuals with a shared purpose and who normally share a positive social identity

Question 2

entitativity

Answer 2

the perceptions, either by the group members themselves or by others, that the people together are group

Question 3

interdependence

Answer 3

the extent to which the group members are mutually dependent upon each other to reach a goal

Question 4

injunctive norm

Answer 4

how group members are expected to behave

Question 5

perspective norm

Answer 5

which tell the group members what to do

Question 6

role stress

Answer 6

when individuals experience incompatible demands and expectations within or between the roles that they occupy which often negatively impacts their ability to be successful in those roles

Question 7

forming stage

Answer 7

when the members of the group come together and begin their existence as a group

Question 8

storming stage

Answer 8

members may attempt to make their own views known, expressing their independence and attempting to persuade the group to accept their ideas

Question 9

norming stage

Answer 9

which is when the appropriate norms and roles for the group are developed

Question 10

performing stage

Answer 10

when group members establish a routine and effectively work together

Question 11

adjourning stage

Answer 11

group members prepare for the group to end

Question 12

social facilitation

Answer 12

the tendency to perform task better or faster in the presence of others

Question 13

social inhabitation

Answer 13

the tendency to perform tasks more poorly or slower in the presence of others

Question 14

dominant response

Answer 14

the action that we are more likely to emit in any given situation

Question 15

process gain

Answer 15

when groups work better together than we would expect, given the individuals who form them

Question 16

process loss

Answer 16

when groups perform more poorly than we would expect, given the characteristics of the members of the group

Question 17

group process

Answer 17

the events that occur while the group is working together on the task

Question 18

divisible task

Answer 18

each of the group members working on the job can do a separate part of the job at the same time

Question 19

unitary task

Answer 19

has to be done all at once and cannot be divided up

Question 20

additive task

Answer 20

inputs of each group member are added together to create the group performance

Question 21

compensatory task

Answer 21

the group is combined such that the performance of the individuals is averaged rather than added

Question 22

disjunctive task

Answer 22

when the group’s performance is determined by the best group member

Question 23

conjunctive task

Answer 23

the group performance is determined by the ability of the group member who performs most poorly

Question 24

intellective task

Answer 24

involves the ability of the group to make a decision of a judgment

Question 25

maximizing task

Answer 25

involves performance that is measured by how rapidly the group works or how much of a product they are able to make

Question 26

criterion task

Answer 26

the group can see that there is a clearly correct answer to the problem that is being posed

Question 27

judgmental task

Answer 27

there is no clearly correct answer to the problem

Question 28

social loafing

Answer 28

a group process loss that occurs when people do not work as hard in a group as they do when they are alone

Question 29

outcome bias

Answer 29

we naturally tend to look too much at the outcome when we evaluate decision making

Question 30

mind guard

Answer 30

whose job it is to help quash dissent and to increase conformity to the leaders opinion

Question 31

group think

Answer 31

when a group that is made up of members who may actually be very competent and thus quite capable of making excellent decisions, nevertheless ends up making poor ones as a result of a flowed group process and strong conformity pressures

Question 32

shared information bias

Answer 32

group members tend to discuss information that they’ll all have access to while ignoring equally important information that is available to only a few of the members

Question 33

production blocking

Answer 33

only one person can speak at a time, and this can cause people to forget their ideals because they are listening to others, or to miss what others are saying because they are thinking of their own ideas

Question 34

group polarization

Answer 34

when, after discussion, the attitudes held by the individual group members become more extreme then they were before the group began discussing the topic

Question 35

illusion of group effectivity

Answer 35

tendency to over-evaluate the level of productivity of our groups

Question 36

not invented here bias

Answer 36

when group members over-evaluate their own group’s ideas and products over those of other groups

Question 37

devil’s advocate

Answer 37

an individual who is given the job of expression conflicts opinions and forcing the group to fully discuss all the alternatives