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A&P > Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level Of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Active Transport

A

Form of transport across the cell membrane that requires input of cellular energy

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2
Q

Amphipathic

A

Describes a molecule that exhibits a difference in polarity between its two ends, resulting in a difference in water solubility

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3
Q

Anaphase

A

Third stage of mitosis (and meiosis), during which sister chromatids separate into two new nuclear regions of a dividing cell

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4
Q

Anticodon

A

Consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon in an mRNA molecule

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5
Q

Autolysis

A

Breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action

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6
Q

Autophagy

A

Lysosomal breakdown of a cell’s own components

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7
Q

Cell cycle

A

Life cycle of a single cell, from its birth until its division into two new daughter cells

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8
Q

Cell membrane

A

Membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilateral interspersed with various molecules; also known as plasma membrane

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9
Q

Centriole

A

Small, self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell division

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10
Q

Centromere

A

Region of attachment for two sister chromatids

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11
Q

Centrosome

A

Cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division

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12
Q

Channel protein

A

Membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances

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13
Q

Checkpoint

A

Progress point in the cell cycle during which certain conditions must be met in order for the cell to proceed to a subsequence phase

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14
Q

Chromatin

A

Substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins

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15
Q

Chromosome

A

Condensed version of chromatin

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16
Q

Cilia

A

Small appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cellular surface

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17
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

Contractile ring that forms around a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves

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18
Q

Codon

A

Consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid

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19
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions

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20
Q

Cyclin

A

One of a group of proteins that function in the progression of the cell cycle

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21
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)

A

One of a group of enzymes associated with cyclone that help perform their functions

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22
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Final stage in cell division, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells

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23
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell, mainly consisting of a water-based fluid called Custodio, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and suspended materials

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24
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

“Skeleton” of a cell; formed by rod-like proteins that support the cell’s shape and provide, among other functions, locomotive abilities

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25
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Clear, semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm, made up mostly of water

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26
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

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27
Q

Diploid

A

Condition marked by the prescience of a double complement of genetic material (two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each of two parents)

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28
Q

DNA polymerase polymerase

A

Enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during DNA replication

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29
Q

DNA replication

A

Process of duplicating a molecule of DNA

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30
Q

Electrical gradient

A

Difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions

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31
Q

Endocytosis

A

Import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicles

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32
Q

Econ

A

One of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remain after splicing

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33
Q

Extracellular fluid (EFC)

A

Fluid exterior to cells;includes the interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs in the body

34
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion of a substance with the aid of a membrane protein

35
Q

Flagellum

A

Appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement

36
Q

G0 phase

A

Phase of the cell cycle, usually entered from the G1 phase; characterized by long or permanent periods where the cell does not move forward into the DNA synthesis phase

37
Q

G1 phase

A

First phase of the cell cycle, after a new cell is born

38
Q

G2 phase

A

Third phase of the cell cycle, after the DNA synthesis phase

39
Q

Gene

A

Functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein

40
Q

Gene expression

A

Active interpretation of the information coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product

41
Q

Genome

A

Entire complement of an organism’s DNA; found within virtually every cell

42
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Coating of sugar molecules that surrounds the cell membrane

43
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached

44
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Cellular organelle formed by a series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that functions in protein modification, tagging, packaging, and transport

45
Q

Helicase

A

Enzyme that functions to separate the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA replication

46
Q

Histone

A

Family of proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form chromatin

47
Q

Homologous

A

Described two copies of the same chromosome (not identical), one inherited from each parent

48
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Describes a substance or structure attracted to water

49
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Describes a substance or structure repelled by water

50
Q

Hypertonic

A

Describes a solution concentration that is higher than a reference concentration

51
Q

Hypotonic

A

Describes a solution concentration that is lower than a reference concentration

52
Q

Integral protein

A

Membrane-associated protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilateral

53
Q

Intermediate filament

A

Type of cytoskeletal filament made of keratin, characterized by an intermediate thickness, and playing a role in resisting cellular tension

54
Q

Interphase

A

Entire life cycle of a cell, excluding mitosis

55
Q

Interstitial fluid (IF)

A

Fluid in the small spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels

56
Q

Intercellular fluid (ICF)

A

Fluid in the cytosine of cells

57
Q

Intron

A

Non-coding regions of a pre-mRNA transcript that may be removed during splicing

58
Q

Isotonic

A

Describes a solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration

59
Q

Kinetochore

A

Region of a centromere where microtubules attach to a pair of sister chromatids

60
Q

Ligand

A

Molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule

61
Q

Lysosome

A

Membrane-bound cellular organelle originating from the Golgi apparatus and containing digestive enzymes

62
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein

63
Q

Metaphase

A

Second stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by the linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell

64
Q

Metaphase

A

Second stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by the linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell

65
Q

Metaphase plate

A

Linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell, which takes place during metaphase

66
Q

Microfilament

A

The thinnest of the cytoskeletal filaments; composed of actin subunits that function in the muscle concentration and cellular structural support

67
Q

Mitochondrion

A

One of the cellular organelle bound by a double lipid bilateral that function primarily in the production of cellular energy (ATP)

68
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of genetic material, during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional, nuclei are formed

69
Q

Mitosis phase

A

Phase of the cell cycle in thick a cell undergoes mitosis

70
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

Network of microtubules, originating from centrioles, that arranges and pulls apart chromosomes during mitosis

71
Q

Multipotent

A

Describes the condition of being able to differentiate into different types of cells within a given cell lineage or small number of lineages, such as a red blood cell or white blood cell

72
Q

Mutation

A

Change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell’s DNA

73
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Membrane that surrounds the nucleus; consisting of a double lipid-bilateral

74
Q

Nuclear pore

A

One of the small, protein-lined openings found scattered throughout the nuclear envelope

75
Q

Nucleolus

A

Small region of the nucleus that functions in ribosome synthesis

76
Q

Nucleosome

A

Unit of chromatin consisting of a DNA strand wrapped around histone proteins

77
Q

Nucleus

A

Cell’s central organelle;contains the cell’s DNA

78
Q

Oligopotent

A

Describes the condition of being more specialized than multipotency; the condition of being able to differentiate into one of a few possible cell types

79
Q

Organelle

A

Any of several types of membrane-enclosed specialized structures in the cell that perform specific functions for the cell

80
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water molecules down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane

A&P (19 decks)

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