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A&P > Chapter 13: Anatomy of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Anatomy of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Abducens nerve

A

sixth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of one of the extraocular muscles

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2
Q

Alar plate

A

developmental region of the spinal cord that gives rise to the posterior horn of the gray matter

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3
Q

Amygdala

A

Nucleus deep in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum that is related to memory and emotional behavior

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4
Q

Anterior column

A

White matter between the anterior horns of the spinal cord composed of many different groups of
axons of both ascending and descending tracts

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5
Q

Anterior horn

A

gray matter of the spinal cord containing multipolar motor neurons, sometimes referred to as the ventral
horn

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6
Q

Anterior median fissure

A

deep midline feature of the anterior spinal cord, marking the separation between the right
and left sides of the cord

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7
Q

Anterior spinal artery

A

blood vessel from the merged branches of the vertebral arteries that runs along the anterior
surface of the spinal cord

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8
Q

Arachnoid granulation

A

outpocket of the arachnoid membrane into the dural sinuses that allows for reabsorption of
CSF into the blood

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9
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

middle layer of the meninges named for the spider-web–like trabeculae that extend between it and
the pia mater

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10
Q

Arachnoid trabeculae

A

filaments between the arachnoid and pia mater within the subarachnoid space

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11
Q

Ascending tract

A

central nervous system fibers carrying sensory information from the spinal cord or periphery to the
brain

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12
Q

Axillary nerve

A

systemic nerve of the arm that arises from the brachial plexus

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13
Q

Basal forebrain

A

nuclei of the cerebrum related to modulation of sensory stimuli and attention through broad
projections to the cerebral cortex, loss of which is related to Alzheimer’s disease

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14
Q

Basal nuclei

A

nuclei of the cerebrum (with a few components in the upper brain stem and diencephalon) that are
responsible for assessing cortical movement commands and comparing them with the general state of the individual
through broad modulatory activity of dopamine neurons; largely related to motor functions, as evidenced through
the symptoms of Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases

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15
Q

Basal plate

A

developmental region of the spinal cord that gives rise to the lateral and anterior horns of gray matter

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16
Q

Basilar artery

A

blood vessel from the merged vertebral arteries that runs along the dorsal surface of the brain stem

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17
Q

Brachial plexus

A

nerve plexus associated with the lower cervical spinal nerves and first thoracic spinal nerve

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18
Q

Brain stem

A

region of the adult brain that includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata and develops from the
mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon of the embryonic brain

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19
Q

Broca’s area

A

region of the frontal lobe associated with the motor commands necessary for speech production and
located only in the cerebral hemisphere responsible for language production, which is the left side in approximately
95 percent of the population

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20
Q

Brodmann’s areas

A

mapping of regions of the cerebral cortex based on microscopic anatomy that relates specific areas
to functional differences, as described by Brodmann in the early 1900s

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21
Q

Carotid canal

A

opening in the temporal bone through which the internal carotid artery enters the cranium

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22
Q

Cauda equina

A

bundle of spinal nerve roots that descend from the lower spinal cord below the first lumbar vertebra and
lie within the vertebral cavity; has the appearance of a horse’s tail

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23
Q

Caudate

A

nucleus deep in the cerebrum that is part of the basal nuclei; along with the putamen, it is part of the striatum

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24
Q

Central canal

A

hollow space within the spinal cord that is the remnant of the center of the neural tube

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25
Q

Central sulcus

A

surface landmark of the cerebral cortex that marks the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes

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26
Q

Cephalic flexure

A

curve in midbrain of the embryo that positions the forebrain ventrally

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27
Q

Cerebellum

A

region of the adult brain connected primarily to the pons that developed from the metencephalon (along
with the pons) and is largely responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from
the periphery through the spinal cord

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28
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

connection of the ventricular system between the third and fourth ventricles located in the
midbrain

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29
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

outer gray matter covering the forebrain, marked by wrinkles and folds known as gyri and sulci

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30
Q

Cerebral hemisphere

A

one half of the bilaterally symmetrical cerebrum

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31
Q

Cerebrum

A

region of the adult brain that develops from the telencephalon and is responsible for higher neurological
functions such as memory, emotion, and consciousness

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32
Q

Cervical plexus

A

nerve plexus associated with the upper cervical spinal nerves

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33
Q

Choroid plexus

A

specialized structures containing ependymal cells lining blood capillaries that filter blood to produce
CSF in the four ventricles of the brain

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34
Q

Circle of Willis

A

unique anatomical arrangement of blood vessels around the base of the brain that maintains perfusion
of blood into the brain even if one component of the structure is blocked or narrowed

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35
Q

Common carotid artery

A

blood vessel that branches off the aorta (or the brachiocephalic artery on the right) and
supplies blood to the head and neck

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36
Q

Corpus callosum

A

large white matter structure that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

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37
Q

Cranial nerve

A

one of twelve nerves connected to the brain that are responsible for sensory or motor functions of the
head and neck

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38
Q

Cranial nerve ganglion

A

sensory ganglion of cranial nerves

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39
Q

Descending tract

A

Central nervous system fibers carrying motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord or
periphery

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40
Q

Diencephalon

A

region of the adult brain that retains its name from embryonic development and includes the thalamus
and hypothalamus

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41
Q

Direct pathway

A

connections within the basal nuclei from the striatum to the globus pallidus internal segment and
substantia nigra pars reticulata that disinhibit the thalamus to increase cortical control of movement

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42
Q

Disinhibition

A

disynaptic connection in which the first synapse inhibits the second cell, which then stops inhibiting the
final target

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43
Q

Dorsal (posterior) nerve root

A

axons entering the posterior horn of the spinal cord

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44
Q

Dorsal (posterior) root ganglion

A

sensory ganglion attached to the posterior nerve root of a spinal nerve

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45
Q

Dura mater

A

tough, fibrous, outer layer of the meninges that is attached to the inner surface of the cranium and vertebral
column and surrounds the entire CNS

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46
Q

Dural sinus

A

tough, fibrous, outer layer of the meninges that is attached to the inner surface of the cranium and vertebral
column and surrounds the entire CNS

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47
Q

Endoneurium

A

innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a nerve

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48
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

peripheral structures, namely ganglia and nerves, that are incorporated into the digestive
system organs

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49
Q

Enteric plexus

A

neuronal plexus in the wall of the intestines, which is part of the enteric nervous system

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50
Q

Epineurium

A

outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire nerve

51
Q

Epithalamus

A

region of the diecephalon containing the pineal gland

52
Q

Esophageal plexus

A

neuronal plexus in the wall of the esophagus that is part of the enteric nervous system

53
Q

Extraocular muscles

A

six skeletal muscles that control eye movement within the orbit

54
Q

Facial nerve

A

seventh cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of the facial muscles and for part of the sense of taste, as
well as causing saliva production

55
Q

Fascicle

A

small bundles of nerve or muscle fibers enclosed by connective tissue

56
Q

Femoral nerve

A

systemic nerve of the anterior leg that arises from the lumbar plexus

57
Q

Fibular nerve

A

systemic nerve of the posterior leg that begins as part of the sciatic nerve

58
Q

Foramen magnum

A

large opening in the occipital bone of the skull through which the spinal cord emerges and the
vertebral arteries enter the cranium

59
Q

Forebrain

A

anterior region of the adult brain that develops from the prosencephalon and includes the cerebrum and
diencephalon

60
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

the portion of the ventricular system that is in the region of the brain stem and opens into the
subarachnoid space through the median and lateral apertures

61
Q

Frontal eye field

A

region of the frontal lobe associated with motor commands to orient the eyes toward an object of
visual attention

62
Q

Frontal lobe

A

region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the frontal bone of the cranium

63
Q

Gastric plexus

A

neuronal networks in the wall of the stomach that are part of the enteric nervous system

64
Q

Globus pallidus

A

nuclei deep in the cerebrum that are part of the basal nuclei and can be divided into the internal and
external segments

65
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

ninth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of muscles in the tongue and throat and for
part of the sense of taste, as well as causing saliva production

66
Q

Gyrus

A

ridge formed by convolutions on the surface of the cerebrum or cerebellum

67
Q

Hindbrain

A

posterior region of the adult brain that develops from the rhombencephalon and includes the pons, medulla
oblongata, and cerebellum

68
Q

Hippocampus

A

gray matter deep in the temporal lobe that is very important for long-term memory formation

69
Q

Hypoglossal nerve

A

twelfth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of muscles of the tongue

70
Q

Hypothalamus

A

major region of the diencephalon that is responsible for coordinating autonomic and endocrine control
of homeostasis

71
Q

Indirect pathway

A

connections within the basal nuclei from the striatum through the globus pallidus external segment
and subthalamic nucleus to the globus pallidus internal segment/substantia nigra pars compacta that result in
inhibition of the thalamus to decrease cortical control of movement

72
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

half of the midbrain tectum that is part of the brain stem auditory pathway

73
Q

Inferior olive

A

nucleus in the medulla that is involved in processing information related to motor control

74
Q

Intercostal nerve

A

systemic nerve in the thoracic cavity that is found between two ribs

75
Q

Internal carotid artery

A

branch from the common carotid artery that enters the cranium and supplies blood to the brain

76
Q

Interventricular foramina

A

openings between the lateral ventricles and third ventricle allowing for the passage of CSF

77
Q

Jugular veins

A

blood vessels that return “used” blood from the head and neck

78
Q

Kinesthesia

A

general sensory perception of movement of the body

79
Q

Lateral apertures

A

pair of openings from the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space on either side and between the
medulla and cerebellum

80
Q

Lateral column

A

white matter of the spinal cord between the posterior horn on one side and the axons from the anterior
horn on the same side; composed of many different groups of axons, of both ascending and descending tracts,
carrying motor commands to and from the brain

81
Q

Lateral horn

A

region of the spinal cord gray matter in the thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral regions that is the central
component of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

82
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

surface landmark of the cerebral cortex that marks the boundary between the temporal lobe and the
frontal and parietal lobes

83
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

portions of the ventricular system that are in the region of the cerebrum

84
Q

Limbic cortex

A

collection of structures of the cerebral cortex that are involved in emotion, memory, and behavior and are
part of the larger limbic system

85
Q

Limbic system

A

structures at the edge (limit) of the boundary between the forebrain and hindbrain that are most
associated with emotional behavior and memory formation

86
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

large separation along the midline between the two cerebral hemispheres

87
Q

Lumbar plexus

A

nerve plexus associated with the lumbar spinal nerves

88
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

procedure used to withdraw CSF from the lower lumbar region of the vertebral column that avoids
the risk of damaging CNS tissue because the spinal cord ends at the upper lumbar vertebrae

89
Q

Median aperature

A

singular opening from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space at the midline between the
medulla and cerebellum

90
Q

Median nerve

A

systemic nerve of the arm, located between the ulnar and radial nerves

91
Q

Meninges

A

protective outer coverings of the CNS composed of connective tissue

92
Q

Mesencephalon

A

primary vesicle of the embryonic brain that does not significantly change through the rest of
embryonic development and becomes the midbrain

93
Q

Metencephalon

A

Secondary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the pons and the cerebellum

94
Q

Midbrain

A

middle region of the adult brain that develops from the mesencephalon

95
Q

Myelencephalon

A

secondary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the medulla

96
Q

Nerve plexus

A

network of nerves without neuronal cell bodies included

97
Q

Neural crest

A

tissue that detaches from the edges of the neural groove and migrates through the embryo to develop into
peripheral structures of both nervous and non-nervous tissues

98
Q

Neural fold

A

elevated edge of the neural groove

99
Q

Neural groove

A

region of the neural plate that folds into the dorsal surface of the embryo and closes off to become the
neural tube

100
Q

Neural plate

A

thickened layer of neuroepithelium that runs longitudinally along the dorsal surface of an embryo and
gives rise to nervous system tissue

101
Q

Neural tube

A

precursor to structures of the central nervous system, formed by the invagination and separation of
neuroepithelium

102
Q

Neuraxis

A

central axis to the nervous system, from the posterior to anterior ends of the neural tube; the inferior tip of the
spinal cord to the anterior surface of the cerebrum

103
Q

Occipital lobe

A

region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the occipital bone of the cranium

104
Q

Occipital sinuses

A

dural sinuses along the edge of the occipital lobes of the cerebrum

105
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

third cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of four of the extraocular muscles, the muscle in the
upper eyelid, and pupillary constriction

106
Q

Olfaction

A

special sense responsible for smell, which has a unique, direct connection to the cerebrum

107
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

first cranial nerve; responsible for the sense of smell

108
Q

Optic nerve

A

second cranial nerve; responsible for visual sensation

109
Q

Orthostatic reflex

A

sympathetic function that maintains blood pressure when standing to offset the increased effect of
gravity

110
Q

Paravertebral ganglia

A

autonomic ganglia superior to the sympathetic chain ganglia

111
Q

Parietal lobe

A

region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the parietal bone of the cranium

112
Q

Parieto-occipital sulcus

A

groove in the cerebral cortex representing the border between the parietal and occipital
cortices

113
Q

Perineurium

A

layer of connective tissue surrounding fascicles within a nerve

114
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

systemic nerve from the cervical plexus that enervates the diaphragm

115
Q

Pia mater

A

thin, innermost membrane of the meninges that directly covers the surface of the CNS

116
Q

Plexus

A

network of nerves or nervous tissue

117
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

ridge just posterior to the central sulcus, in the parietal lobe, where somatosensory processing
initially takes place in the cerebrum

118
Q

Posterior columns

A

white matter of the spinal cord that lies between the posterior horns of the gray matter, sometimes
referred to as the dorsal column; composed of axons of ascending tracts that carry sensory information up to the
brain

119
Q

Posterior horn

A

gray matter region of the spinal cord in which sensory input arrives, sometimes referred to as the dorsal
horn

120
Q

Posterior median sulcus

A

midline feature of the posterior spinal cord, marking the separation between right and left
sides of the cord

121
Q

Posterolateral sulcus

A

feature of the posterior spinal cord marking the entry of posterior nerve roots and the separation
between the posterior and lateral columns of the white matter

122
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex located in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex

123
Q

Prefrontal lobe

A

specific region of the frontal lobe anterior to the more specific motor function areas, which can be
related to the early planning of movements and intentions to the point of being personality-type functions

124
Q

Premotor area

A

region of the frontal lobe responsible for planning movements that will be executed through the primary
motor cortex

A&P (19 decks)

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