Chapter 3 pt.2

Question 1

What is Cardiovascular Disease?

Answer 1

Its an umbrella term for conditions liker arteriosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and stroke

Question 2

The risk of death from cardiovascular diseases is ____% for 25-34 year olds and _____% for 85+ year olds

Answer 2

7.4%, 42.4%

Question 3

What are some causes of cardiovascular diseases that are controllable

Answer 3

Obesity
High cholesterol
Tobacco use
Being poor
Excessive alcohol

Question 4

What is an Innate Immune system

Answer 4

The immune system present at birth, that includes physical barriers, chemical barriers (ex.stomach acid, saliva), and white blood cells

Question 5

What is an Adaptive Immune System

Answer 5

An immune system that adapts over time through exposure to certain “pathogens”. B or T cells are activated through immunological memory and builds up resistance (vaccines)

Question 6

What are 3 facts about the Innate and Adaptive immune systems and aging

Answer 6

1) Both innate and adaptive immune systems decline with age

2) infectious diseases account for roughly 1/3 of death in people ages 65+

3) Hospital/long-term care stays can increase the risk for exposure to infections

Question 7

What disease causes trouble for your body to produce insulin or can’t properly use the insulin it produces, resulting in difficulty regulating blood sugars

Answer 7

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 8

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Answer 8

Type 1 = when your insulin defendant and usually develops earlier in life (its harder to tell if you need insulin)

Type 2 = Develops in adulthood and is managed through diet

Question 9

How does Diabetes affect a person in regards to the Biopsychosocial model

Answer 9

Biological = changes in glucose metabolism

Psychological = Sedentary lifestyle, depression and stress

Social = Habitual eating patters, lack of education (low understanding), low economic resources

Question 10

What is the function for Thyroid Hormones

Answer 10

To control the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Question 11

The Basal Metabolic Rate slows down in middle age partly due to __________ in thyroid hormones

Answer 11

Decreases

Question 12

_____________ Hypothyroidism is a thyroidism that’s at a level where you won’t get prescribed anything because its “not as bad,” but you still feel symptoms, and it effects ___ - ___% of 60+ year olds

Answer 12

Subclinical Hypothyroidism 15-18

Question 13

Why does our height decrease as we age?

Answer 13

Due to loss of bone mineral in the vertebrae

Question 14

What disease is characterized by a decrease in the density and quality of the bone?

Answer 14

Osteoporosis

Question 15

What are 3 changes in weight as we age?

Answer 15

1) Fat free mass (FFM) decreases (because bone and muscle mass decreases)
2) Body mass index (BMI) increases from the 20s to 50s

Question 16

What percent of our weight is lost by 80?

Answer 16

50%

Question 17

Progressive declines in muscle mass and strength begins in ones ___s and ___s but can be prevented by ________.

Answer 17

30s and 40s, exercise

Question 18

What type of musculoskeletal system disease thinns the cartilage of bone joints and causes them to rub together (can happen to one part of the body)

Answer 18

Osteoarthritis

Question 19

What type of musculoskeletal system disease causes bone erosion and swelling of the synovial membrane (happens to either sides of the body)

Answer 19

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Question 20

Changes in the _________ system impacts balance

Answer 20

Vestibular system

Question 21

What are some age related changes in Neurons

Answer 21

• number of neurons declines
• number and size of dendrites decreases
• tangles develop in axon fibers
• synapses decrease

Question 22

What is Menopause?

Answer 22

A reduction in estrogen/progesterone and the onset of fertility that occurs mid to late 40s in women

Question 23

What are some characteristics of Menopause

Answer 23

Hot flashes
Insomnia
Vaginal dryness
Mood swings
Depression
Night sweats
Weight gain

Question 24

Treatments to menopause include hormone replacement therapies, but why isn’t it as common

Answer 24

Because hormone replacement therapies can be risky and can lead to cancer or cardiovascular disease

Question 25

What is Andropause?

Answer 25

Menopause for men, that is decreases in testosterone.
- changes in sexual function
- changes in sleep patters
- physical, emotional, and cognitive changes

Question 26

How do our kidneys change as we age?

Answer 26

• they get smaller and blood flow to the kidneys decreases
• volume of fluid through kidneys decreases
• losses the ability to balance amount of salt and acid in body (not able to excrete as quickly)

Question 27

Why is it dangerous that our kidney looses the ability to excrete chemicals as easily

Answer 27

because if were taking medications and our body isn’t getting rid of it fast enough, then we can overdose

Question 28

What happens to our bladder as we age (related to kidney)

Answer 28

Bladder tissue declines in the capacity to hold urine. Frequency to pee increases

Question 29

What percent of older adults have an overactive bladder, and what percentage of thee people are not treated due to stereotypes and normalcy

Answer 29

25%, 76%

Question 30

Why would someone with an overactive bladder me lonelier

Answer 30

Because it stops them from doing a lot of things

Question 31

How is our sleep effected as we age?

Answer 31

Our total sleep time decreases, and our REM sleep decreases