Chapter 1 Flashcards
What are the two correct ways to refer too people who are a lot older
“Older person” or “Older adult”
There are 4 key principles to the study of development, which was created by who?
Baltes
There are 4 key principles to the study of development, what are they?
1.History/Context
2.Plasticity
3.Multiple Causality
4.Multi-directionality
Explain the History/Concept principle of studying development
People develop under different circumstances that are influenced by the time and culture that we are living in
Explain the “Plasticity” principle of studying development
The idea that many skills can be taught or improved with practice (there are limits) or can decline
eg. memory decreases with age, vocabulary expands with age
Explain the “multiple Causality” principle of studying development
How an individual develops is shaped by biological, psychological and sociocultural factors (there are multiple ways in which we are developing)
Explain the “Multi-directionality” principle of development
Aging can involve both increases and decreases, a person can gain a skill and loose another
eg. putting a kid in formal school might make the kid more smart but they might loose their creativity
What is the difference between “Normative History-Graded” and “Normative Age-Graded”
Normative history graded are events that effect everyone
eg. 9/11, worldwide web, covid
Normative age-graded are cultural norms, things that happen at a certain age in life (social clock)
eg. getting your license at 16
What are some examples of “Non-Normative events”
Winning the lottery, getting a phD, getting a divorce, getting sick (disease), loosing a parent
What ages would be considered
65-74
75-84
85+
100-109
110+
65-74 = young old
75-84 = old-old
85+ = Oldest old
100-109 = Centenarians
110+ = Super Centenarians
What type of age is how many years you’ve been alive?
Chronological Age
What type of age describes how your organ systems are functioning
Biological age
What type of age describes your mental functioning like IQ, memory, and reaction time
Psychological age
What type of age describes how social you are, if you have peers, and if your retired
Social age
What is your Functional Age?
Psychological age + Biological age + Social age
What is Primary Aging?
Normal age-related changes that are disease free, just normal
eg. wrinkles, grey hair, slower reaction time
What is Secondary Aging?
Disease related impairments that are “common” with age
eg. diabetes, cancer, alzheimers
What is Tertiary Aging?
A rapid decline shortly before death
- can be natural causes
- 1 year to 6 months before
What is Optimal Aging?
Changes that Improve an individuals functioning (like older people having a better vocabulary)
What year was there an equal amount of people under 15 and over 64?
2016
After what year did the total fertility rate start to decline? Why?
After 1961
- birth control
- women joining the work force
Why is there more older people than younger people right now?
better healthcare, childhood diseases, not many children to replace older people
What is Agism?
The stereotyping of older people because they are old
What percent of tolerated prejudice is agism?
52%
What is it called when there are “rules” and “practices” that discriminate against older groups because they are old
eg. Mandatory retirement
Institutional Ageism
What is it called when someone takes advantage of the fact that someone is an older person
eg. scam artists targeting older people
Intentional Agism
What is it called when participants are unaware of bias against a person or group because of their older age
eg. elderspeak
Unintentional Agism
What is Personal Agism?
Bias against a person or group based on their old age
What are the 3 types of stereotypes of agism?
Succession, Consumption, and Identity
What is Succession?
The idea that older adults have “had their turn” and should make room for younger generations (like mandatory retirement)
What is the Identity Stereotype?
The idea that old people should “act their age” and not talk or dress like younger people
What is Consumption?
The idea that limited resources should be spent on young people instead of older people
