Chapter 3 pt 2 Flashcards
object permanence
the understanding that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen
Piagets sensorimotor substages
0-1 month simple reflexes
1-4 months primary circular reactions
4-8 months secondary circular reactions
8-12 months coordination of secondary circular reactions
12-18 months tertiary circular reactions
18-24 months beginning of thought
Substage 1, simple reflex
infants interactions with the enviorment are determined by reflexes
0-1 months
-schemas for acting on an object derived from primary reflexes
-babies can accommodate changes into the reflexive behaviour
substage 2, primary circular reactions
1-4 months
infants coordinate simple repetitive actions around their own body
-seperate actions can be combined into one
-actions that are enjoyed are repeated
Substage 3, Secondary circular reactions
4-8 months
-infants repeat enjoyable activities through trial and error
-exert their actions on things outside of their body
-they don’t understand causality
-can imitate as long as they can see what they are doing
substage 4, ordination of secondary circular reactions
8-12 months
infants show goal directed behaviour and intentional reactions
-infants can combine two schemas to achieve a single goal
-they indicate some understanding of causality and anticipatory behaviour
-imitation is complete
Substage 5, tertiary circular reactions
12-18 months
-infants try variations of actions to explore consequences
-infants learn how to manipulate objects around them
-problem solving occurs through active exploration
substage 6, beginning of thought
18-24 months
-use mental symbols to represent objects or events
-can think about consequences of actions only by thinking
-mental representations can form
Infantile Amnesia
missing memory of what occurred before the age of 3
Explicit memory
-concious , recalled volentarially, Hioopcampus and cerebral cortex
Implicit Memory
-unconcious, recalled invollentariallm Cerebellum
Developmental quotient
overall development score that is based on performance in multiple domains
language characteristics
phonology: basic sounds that are combined to form sentences
morphemes: smallest meaningful piece of language
-semantics: rules governing language usage to form meaningful sentances
Precommunication
communication through non linguistic means
-babbling is making meaningless speech sounds emerging at around 2-3 months
Holophrases
one word utterances that represents entire phrases, have context specific meaning
telegraphic speech
speech where non critical words are omitted
Infant learning theory
-language acquisition follows basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning
-children are encouraged to speak through parental rewards
-does not explain spontaneous learning
Natavist approach
-humans have an innate ability to learn language
-all languages share a structure called universal grammar
-cant explain non human language
Interactionist Approach
-language is produced through a combination of genetic abilities and enviormental influences
-motivation to learn language provided by society
-innate factors only outline general speech abilities
Infant directed speech
-type of speech used towards infants characterized by slow and simple language
-higher scales
-seen across languages
Non verbal encoding
-Non verbal expression of emotion
social referencing
-drawing information from others to gain meaning of uncertain circumstances
-other peoples guid there own
self awareness
is the knowledge of oneself, emerges around 1 year
-object permanence can be a precursor for self permanence
subjective self
-concept of being a separate person who can experience and across on the enviormnet
objective self
-concept of an individual being defined by certain characteristics
-starts labelling belongings as mine
Emotional self
-identifying changes in own and others emotion
Theory of mind
-knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it affects behaviour
-infants start seeing people as different from objects
-begin to understand morality
-start understanding goals
Attachment
positive emotional bond that develops between child and a particular individual
Parental role in attachment
-Parents need to show an appropriate level of sensitivity and responsiveness to Childs needs
-over responsiveness from mother could be problematic
-fathers and responds through warmth, nurturance and support
personality
-is the total set of enduring characteristics that give rise to individual differences in behaviour
Temperament
-it is the pattern of arousal and emotionality that shows consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual
–tends to stay consistent but could be modified through experience
Temperament
-it is the pattern of arousal and emotionality that shows consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual
–tends to stay consistent but could be modified through experience
