Chapter 3 pt 2

Question 1

object permanence

Answer 1

the understanding that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen

Question 2

Piagets sensorimotor substages

Answer 2

0-1 month simple reflexes
1-4 months primary circular reactions
4-8 months secondary circular reactions
8-12 months coordination of secondary circular reactions
12-18 months tertiary circular reactions
18-24 months beginning of thought

Question 3

Substage 1, simple reflex

Answer 3

infants interactions with the enviorment are determined by reflexes
0-1 months
-schemas for acting on an object derived from primary reflexes
-babies can accommodate changes into the reflexive behaviour

Question 4

substage 2, primary circular reactions

Answer 4

1-4 months
infants coordinate simple repetitive actions around their own body
-seperate actions can be combined into one
-actions that are enjoyed are repeated

Question 5

Substage 3, Secondary circular reactions

Answer 5

4-8 months
-infants repeat enjoyable activities through trial and error
-exert their actions on things outside of their body
-they don’t understand causality
-can imitate as long as they can see what they are doing

Question 6

substage 4, ordination of secondary circular reactions

Answer 6

8-12 months
infants show goal directed behaviour and intentional reactions
-infants can combine two schemas to achieve a single goal
-they indicate some understanding of causality and anticipatory behaviour
-imitation is complete

Question 7

Substage 5, tertiary circular reactions

Answer 7

12-18 months
-infants try variations of actions to explore consequences
-infants learn how to manipulate objects around them
-problem solving occurs through active exploration

Question 8

substage 6, beginning of thought

Answer 8

18-24 months
-use mental symbols to represent objects or events
-can think about consequences of actions only by thinking
-mental representations can form

Question 9

Infantile Amnesia

Answer 9

missing memory of what occurred before the age of 3

Question 10

Explicit memory

Answer 10

-concious , recalled volentarially, Hioopcampus and cerebral cortex

Question 11

Implicit Memory

Answer 11

-unconcious, recalled invollentariallm Cerebellum

Question 12

Developmental quotient

Answer 12

overall development score that is based on performance in multiple domains

Question 13

language characteristics

Answer 13

phonology: basic sounds that are combined to form sentences
morphemes: smallest meaningful piece of language
-semantics: rules governing language usage to form meaningful sentances

Question 14

Precommunication

Answer 14

communication through non linguistic means
-babbling is making meaningless speech sounds emerging at around 2-3 months

Question 15

Holophrases

Answer 15

one word utterances that represents entire phrases, have context specific meaning

Question 16

telegraphic speech

Answer 16

speech where non critical words are omitted

Question 17

Infant learning theory

Answer 17

-language acquisition follows basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning
-children are encouraged to speak through parental rewards
-does not explain spontaneous learning

Question 18

Natavist approach

Answer 18

-humans have an innate ability to learn language
-all languages share a structure called universal grammar
-cant explain non human language

Question 19

Interactionist Approach

Answer 19

-language is produced through a combination of genetic abilities and enviormental influences
-motivation to learn language provided by society
-innate factors only outline general speech abilities

Question 20

Infant directed speech

Answer 20

-type of speech used towards infants characterized by slow and simple language
-higher scales
-seen across languages

Question 21

Non verbal encoding

Answer 21

-Non verbal expression of emotion

Question 22

social referencing

Answer 22

-drawing information from others to gain meaning of uncertain circumstances
-other peoples guid there own

Question 23

self awareness

Answer 23

is the knowledge of oneself, emerges around 1 year
-object permanence can be a precursor for self permanence

Question 24

subjective self

Answer 24

-concept of being a separate person who can experience and across on the enviormnet

Question 25

objective self

Answer 25

-concept of an individual being defined by certain characteristics
-starts labelling belongings as mine

Question 26

Emotional self

Answer 26

-identifying changes in own and others emotion

Question 27

Theory of mind

Answer 27

-knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it affects behaviour
-infants start seeing people as different from objects
-begin to understand morality
-start understanding goals

Question 28

Attachment

Answer 28

positive emotional bond that develops between child and a particular individual

Question 29

Parental role in attachment

Answer 29

-Parents need to show an appropriate level of sensitivity and responsiveness to Childs needs
-over responsiveness from mother could be problematic
-fathers and responds through warmth, nurturance and support

Question 30

personality

Answer 30

-is the total set of enduring characteristics that give rise to individual differences in behaviour

Question 31

Temperament

Answer 31

-it is the pattern of arousal and emotionality that shows consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual
–tends to stay consistent but could be modified through experience

Question 32

Temperament

Answer 32

-it is the pattern of arousal and emotionality that shows consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual
–tends to stay consistent but could be modified through experience