Chapter 3 pt 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

object permanence

A

the understanding that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen

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2
Q

Piagets sensorimotor substages

A

0-1 month simple reflexes
1-4 months primary circular reactions
4-8 months secondary circular reactions
8-12 months coordination of secondary circular reactions
12-18 months tertiary circular reactions
18-24 months beginning of thought

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3
Q

Substage 1, simple reflex

A

infants interactions with the enviorment are determined by reflexes
0-1 months
-schemas for acting on an object derived from primary reflexes
-babies can accommodate changes into the reflexive behaviour

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4
Q

substage 2, primary circular reactions

A

1-4 months
infants coordinate simple repetitive actions around their own body
-seperate actions can be combined into one
-actions that are enjoyed are repeated

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5
Q

Substage 3, Secondary circular reactions

A

4-8 months
-infants repeat enjoyable activities through trial and error
-exert their actions on things outside of their body
-they don’t understand causality
-can imitate as long as they can see what they are doing

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6
Q

substage 4, ordination of secondary circular reactions

A

8-12 months
infants show goal directed behaviour and intentional reactions
-infants can combine two schemas to achieve a single goal
-they indicate some understanding of causality and anticipatory behaviour
-imitation is complete

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7
Q

Substage 5, tertiary circular reactions

A

12-18 months
-infants try variations of actions to explore consequences
-infants learn how to manipulate objects around them
-problem solving occurs through active exploration

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8
Q

substage 6, beginning of thought

A

18-24 months
-use mental symbols to represent objects or events
-can think about consequences of actions only by thinking
-mental representations can form

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9
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

missing memory of what occurred before the age of 3

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10
Q

Explicit memory

A

-concious , recalled volentarially, Hioopcampus and cerebral cortex

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11
Q

Implicit Memory

A

-unconcious, recalled invollentariallm Cerebellum

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12
Q

Developmental quotient

A

overall development score that is based on performance in multiple domains

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13
Q

language characteristics

A

phonology: basic sounds that are combined to form sentences
morphemes: smallest meaningful piece of language
-semantics: rules governing language usage to form meaningful sentances

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14
Q

Precommunication

A

communication through non linguistic means
-babbling is making meaningless speech sounds emerging at around 2-3 months

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15
Q

Holophrases

A

one word utterances that represents entire phrases, have context specific meaning

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16
Q

telegraphic speech

A

speech where non critical words are omitted

17
Q

Infant learning theory

A

-language acquisition follows basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning
-children are encouraged to speak through parental rewards
-does not explain spontaneous learning

18
Q

Natavist approach

A

-humans have an innate ability to learn language
-all languages share a structure called universal grammar
-cant explain non human language

19
Q

Interactionist Approach

A

-language is produced through a combination of genetic abilities and enviormental influences
-motivation to learn language provided by society
-innate factors only outline general speech abilities

20
Q

Infant directed speech

A

-type of speech used towards infants characterized by slow and simple language
-higher scales
-seen across languages

21
Q

Non verbal encoding

A

-Non verbal expression of emotion

22
Q

social referencing

A

-drawing information from others to gain meaning of uncertain circumstances
-other peoples guid there own

23
Q

self awareness

A

is the knowledge of oneself, emerges around 1 year
-object permanence can be a precursor for self permanence

24
Q

subjective self

A

-concept of being a separate person who can experience and across on the enviormnet

25
Q

objective self

A

-concept of an individual being defined by certain characteristics
-starts labelling belongings as mine

26
Q

Emotional self

A

-identifying changes in own and others emotion

27
Q

Theory of mind

A

-knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it affects behaviour
-infants start seeing people as different from objects
-begin to understand morality
-start understanding goals

28
Q

Attachment

A

positive emotional bond that develops between child and a particular individual

29
Q

Parental role in attachment

A

-Parents need to show an appropriate level of sensitivity and responsiveness to Childs needs
-over responsiveness from mother could be problematic
-fathers and responds through warmth, nurturance and support

30
Q

personality

A

-is the total set of enduring characteristics that give rise to individual differences in behaviour

31
Q

Temperament

A

-it is the pattern of arousal and emotionality that shows consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual
–tends to stay consistent but could be modified through experience

32
Q

Temperament

A

-it is the pattern of arousal and emotionality that shows consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual
–tends to stay consistent but could be modified through experience