Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is lifespan development?
the scientific study of patterns of growth, change and stability in behaviours that occur over the entire lifespan
What are the different types of influences?
1.Universal changes
- Age graded influences or maturation.
2.Indavidual specific changes
-non normative life events
3.Group specific changes
-History graded influences
-cohort effects
-socioculture graded influences
what is a cohort?
a group of people born around the same time in a similar area.
-some events like wars can effect a cohort.
continuous change vs Discontinuous change
Continuous change is gradual cumulative changes and it is quantitative
discontinuous change is distinct stages and is qualitative
Critical period vs sensitive period
Critical period is the time when events have the greatest irreversible consequences
Sensitive period is a time when events can be reversed
What are the psychodynamic perspectives?
-behaviour is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond peoples awareness and control.
The two perspectives are Freuds psychoanalytic theory and Eriksons psychosocial theory
What develops in Freuds psychoanalytical theory?
-Unconcious forces act to determine personality and behaviour
-Psycosexual stages: series of stages that children pass through where pleasure is focused on a different body part
-Fixation: behaviour of arising from unresolved conflicts in previous stages
Aspects of personality
id- Unconsious drives of our desires
ego- develops from Id and is there to keep Id in check
superego- this is conscious and it provides a basis for right and wrong.
Freuds psychosexual stages.
- Oral stage is from birth to 1 year
2.Anal stage is 1 year to three years
3.Phallic stage is 3 years to 6 years - Latent stage is 6 years to puberty
- genital stage is puberty to death
what develops from Ericksons psychosocial theory?
- includes changes in the understanding individuals have of themselves as members of society.
-individuals must solve a conflict at each stage
8 stages in Ericksons psychosocial theory?
- Infancy(trust vs mistrust)
- Early childhood (Autonomy vs shame and doubt)
- Preschool (initiative vs guilt)
- school age (industry vs inferiority)
- Adolescence ( identity vs role confusion)
- young adulthood ( intimacy vs isolation)
- Middle adulthood ( Generatively vs stagnation)
- Maturity ( ego intensity vs despair)
What is behavioural perspective?
development can be understood through observational behaviour and stimuli in the environment.
classical conditioning by Pavlov and Watson
A type of learning where an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring that type of response.
-classical conditioning can explain how we lean emotional responses.
What is operant conditioning?
A type of learning where voluntary responses are strengthened or weakened by positive or negative consequences respectively.
(rat and reward)
what is behavioural modification?
a formal technique that is used for promoting the desired behaviours and decrease the frequency of undesired behaviour.
