Chapter 3

Question 1

how long does it take for babies to double their birth weight

Answer 1

5 months

Question 2

how long does it take boys and girls to reach half of their adult height

Answer 2

for girls it takes 2 years for boys its 2.5

Question 3

Cephalocaudal

Answer 3

Development begins in the head and then proceeds to the rest of the body

Question 4

Proximodistal

Answer 4

Development begins from the trunk and then proceeds to the extremities of the body

Question 5

Heirarchial Integration

Answer 5

simple skills develop separately and then come together to form complex skills

Question 6

Independence of systems

Answer 6

Different body parts grow at different rates

Question 7

synaptogenesis

Answer 7

the time when synapses form

Question 8

Neurotransmitters

Answer 8

chemical messengers that travel across the synapse to enable communication between neurons

Question 9

Synaptic Pruning

Answer 9

Elimination of neurones due to lack of stimulation

Question 10

Myelinization

Answer 10

Development of an insulating sheath on neuronal axons to improve conductivity

Question 11

Structures of the brain and what they are used for

Answer 11

1)cerebral cortex : perception, thought, body movement and language
2)Midbrain : regulation of vital functions
3) Cerebellum: motor cordination, balance and emotion
4)spinal cord : vital functions and reflexes

Question 12

What is neuroplacticity

Answer 12

The degree to which the brain can recognize neural structures and functioning in response to experiences

Question 13

Rythems and cycles in infancy

Answer 13

Basic behaviours and functioning is integrated into rhythms, which are repetitive and cyclical patterns of behaviour

Question 14

what are the primary behavioural states

Answer 14

Awake states ( alert, fuss, cry
Transitioning between sleep and wake(drowse, daze, sleep wake transition.
Transitional sleep states(active- quiet transitional sleep)
Sleep state(-active sleep, quiet sleep)

Question 15

The sleep state

Answer 15

-Babies can sleep up to 70% of the day in a discontinuous fashion
-by 2 months they start to develop a carcadian rythem
-by 1 year they only need 15 hours of sleep

Question 16

Sudden infant death syndrome

Answer 16

A disorder where infants die in their sleep
-most often from suffocation or brainstem abnormalities or problems with reflexes
-accounts for 5% of infant deaths in Canada

Question 17

Colic

Answer 17

Infant behaviour pattern involving long sessions of non stop crying for no obvious reason

Question 18

Ossification

Answer 18

hardening of bones in infants

Question 19

Developing in body systems

Answer 19

-Bone sizes increases and you develop more bones
-fat to muscle ratio goes down at around 1 year
-heart muscles strengthen
-lung efficiency improves

Question 20

Development of gross motor skills

Answer 20

-starts by trying to lift head up
-infants roll over at 3 months
-6 months they can sit up
-begin walking around 9 months

Question 21

Fine motor skills

Answer 21

-reaching precisely appears at 4 months
-slowly develops other fine skills such as grasping with thumb and finger at 8 months

Question 22

Developmental milestones

Answer 22

-near universal age related events whose first appearance indicates significant change or growth

Question 23

Sex differences in milestones

Answer 23

: females develop wrist bones early and develop fine motor skills early where as males prefer grouch motor skills and rough play

Question 24

Malnutrition in infants

Answer 24

-improper balance of nutrients
-slower physical and cognitive growth
-infancy is a critical period

Question 25

Obesity in infants

Answer 25

Infants with 20% more weight than average infants
-proper nutrition is better than too much nutrients

Question 26

Whats better breast milk or bottle

Answer 26

-Breast milk is better for the first 12 months
-Breast milk helps with immunity

Question 27

Weaning

Answer 27

Gradually stopping Brest feeding

Question 28

perception

Answer 28

the sorting of, interpretation, analysis and integration of sensed stimuli

Question 29

preference tehnique

Answer 29

Researcher keeps track of how long a baby looks at each object being shown

Question 30

Habituation/Dishabituation

Answer 30

Researcher tracks the decline and revived interest of the infant in an old novel stimuli

Question 31

Visual acuity

Answer 31

how well an individual can see items at a distance example 20/20

Question 32

visual deprivation

Answer 32

the lack of proper visual stimulation during infancy is crucial for latter development of visual perception

Question 33

eye tracking

Answer 33

the smooth movements of the eye used to follow the track of a moving object
-develops rapidly after 6 months of age

Question 34

Auditory acuity

Answer 34

-the ability to distinguish sounds from a distance
-is much better than visual acuity

Question 35

sound localization

Answer 35

the ability to pin point the direction of sound is lacking especially for equidistant noises

Question 36

Hearing in infants

Answer 36

-up to 6 months babies can distinguish languages but loose this ability around 6 months in languages they are not hearing regularly
-babies can also recognize melodies they listen to

Question 37

Smell and taste in infants

Answer 37

Babies who breastfeed can identify their mothers smell
-can register all 5 tastes
-well developed smell
-ejoy sweet tastes

Question 38

Multi modal perception

Answer 38

integration information from two or more individual sensory systems to form a single perception

Question 39

Two schools of thought in perception

Answer 39

1) Natavists (perceptual abilities are inborn)
2)Empiricists (perceptual abilities are learnt)