Chapter 3 Flashcards
how long does it take for babies to double their birth weight
5 months
how long does it take boys and girls to reach half of their adult height
for girls it takes 2 years for boys its 2.5
Cephalocaudal
Development begins in the head and then proceeds to the rest of the body
Proximodistal
Development begins from the trunk and then proceeds to the extremities of the body
Heirarchial Integration
simple skills develop separately and then come together to form complex skills
Independence of systems
Different body parts grow at different rates
synaptogenesis
the time when synapses form
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that travel across the synapse to enable communication between neurons
Synaptic Pruning
Elimination of neurones due to lack of stimulation
Myelinization
Development of an insulating sheath on neuronal axons to improve conductivity
Structures of the brain and what they are used for
1)cerebral cortex : perception, thought, body movement and language
2)Midbrain : regulation of vital functions
3) Cerebellum: motor cordination, balance and emotion
4)spinal cord : vital functions and reflexes
What is neuroplacticity
The degree to which the brain can recognize neural structures and functioning in response to experiences
Rythems and cycles in infancy
Basic behaviours and functioning is integrated into rhythms, which are repetitive and cyclical patterns of behaviour
what are the primary behavioural states
Awake states ( alert, fuss, cry
Transitioning between sleep and wake(drowse, daze, sleep wake transition.
Transitional sleep states(active- quiet transitional sleep)
Sleep state(-active sleep, quiet sleep)
The sleep state
-Babies can sleep up to 70% of the day in a discontinuous fashion
-by 2 months they start to develop a carcadian rythem
-by 1 year they only need 15 hours of sleep
Sudden infant death syndrome
A disorder where infants die in their sleep
-most often from suffocation or brainstem abnormalities or problems with reflexes
-accounts for 5% of infant deaths in Canada
Colic
Infant behaviour pattern involving long sessions of non stop crying for no obvious reason
Ossification
hardening of bones in infants
Developing in body systems
-Bone sizes increases and you develop more bones
-fat to muscle ratio goes down at around 1 year
-heart muscles strengthen
-lung efficiency improves
Development of gross motor skills
-starts by trying to lift head up
-infants roll over at 3 months
-6 months they can sit up
-begin walking around 9 months
Fine motor skills
-reaching precisely appears at 4 months
-slowly develops other fine skills such as grasping with thumb and finger at 8 months
Developmental milestones
-near universal age related events whose first appearance indicates significant change or growth
Sex differences in milestones
: females develop wrist bones early and develop fine motor skills early where as males prefer grouch motor skills and rough play
Malnutrition in infants
-improper balance of nutrients
-slower physical and cognitive growth
-infancy is a critical period
Obesity in infants
Infants with 20% more weight than average infants
-proper nutrition is better than too much nutrients
Whats better breast milk or bottle
-Breast milk is better for the first 12 months
-Breast milk helps with immunity
Weaning
Gradually stopping Brest feeding
perception
the sorting of, interpretation, analysis and integration of sensed stimuli
preference tehnique
Researcher keeps track of how long a baby looks at each object being shown
Habituation/Dishabituation
Researcher tracks the decline and revived interest of the infant in an old novel stimuli
Visual acuity
how well an individual can see items at a distance example 20/20
visual deprivation
the lack of proper visual stimulation during infancy is crucial for latter development of visual perception
eye tracking
the smooth movements of the eye used to follow the track of a moving object
-develops rapidly after 6 months of age
Auditory acuity
-the ability to distinguish sounds from a distance
-is much better than visual acuity
sound localization
the ability to pin point the direction of sound is lacking especially for equidistant noises
Hearing in infants
-up to 6 months babies can distinguish languages but loose this ability around 6 months in languages they are not hearing regularly
-babies can also recognize melodies they listen to
Smell and taste in infants
Babies who breastfeed can identify their mothers smell
-can register all 5 tastes
-well developed smell
-ejoy sweet tastes
Multi modal perception
integration information from two or more individual sensory systems to form a single perception
Two schools of thought in perception
1) Natavists (perceptual abilities are inborn)
2)Empiricists (perceptual abilities are learnt)
