Chapter 3: Physiology/Histology Flashcards
The study of the functions and activities performed by the body structures including physical and chemical processes
Physiology
The largest organ in the body
Skin or integumentary system
Appendages of the skin include…
Hair
nails
sweat glands
oil glands
Is a barrier that protects against harmful chemicals and bacteria preventing infection
Skin
Are most abundant in the fingertips and are designed to be one of the most sensitive parts of the body
Sensory nerve fibers
Is a thin yet strong protective barrier to outside elements in microorganisms
 The skin
Has an average pH of 5.5
Acid mantle
Sensory nerve fibers are most abundant in the
 fingertips
It’s part of the skins natural barrier function
Acid mantle
The water loss caused by evaporation on the skin surface
Transepidermal water loss(TEWL)
The body’s average internal thermostat is set at..
98.6°F/ 37°C
Also known as sweat glands; excrete perspiration
Sudoriferous Glands
Is the skins mechanism that protects us from irritation and intercellular transepidermal water loss
Barrier function
Is an oily substance that protects the surface of the skin and lubricate both the skin and hair
 sebum
Inflammation of hair follicles
Folliculitis
Is composed of loose connection tissue or subcutis tissue
Subcutaneous Layer
Is 25 times thicker than the epidermidis
Dermis
The denser and deeper layer of the dermis and is comprised meaning of collagen and elastin
Reticular Layer
Also known as hypodermis are superficial fascia
Subcutaneous Layer
Also known as adipose tissue
Subcutis Tissue
Connects the dermis to the epidermis
Papillary layer
Is the fibrous protein that forms elastic tissue and gives skin its elasticity
Elastin
Not beyond the DEJ means
The aesthetician cannot treat the skin beyond the epidermis
Is the outer most layer of the skin
Epidermis
Estheticians’ scope of practice references working on the epidermis, not the dermis unless…
They are working under the direction of a physician or other licensed medical practitioner such as a nurse practitioner, naturopathic physician, or physician assistant.
About 95% of the epidermis is made up
Keratinocytes
In this active layer, stem cells undergo continuous cell division to replenish the skin cells that are regularly shed from the surface
Stratum Germinativum
The stratum germinativum also contains..
Melanocytes
Keratin and intercellular lipids are formed in the
Stratum Granulosum
Is a thin clear layer of dead skin cells under the stratum corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Keratinocytes are continually shed from the skin in a process called..
Desquamation
The average adult cell turnover rate is every
28 days depending on age, lifestyle, and health
The production of keratin and intracellular lipids also takes place here
Stratum Granulosum
Differences in genetic skin color are due to…
The amount of melanin activated in the skin and the way it is distributed
These individuals have more activity in their melanocytes
Individuals with darker skin and melanin
Is the enzyme that stimulates melanocytes and thus produces melanin
Tyrosinase
Products that suppress melanin production by interrupting biochemical processes are referred to
Tyrosinase Inhibitors
Is the technical term for nail
Onyx
How long does it take a fingernail to fully grow out
4 to 6 months
Cord like bundles of fibers made up of neurons through which sensory stimuli and motor impulses pass between the brain or other parts of the central nervous system and the eyes, glands, muscles, and other parts of the body
Nerves
There are two types of nerves;
Motor and sensory
Nerve fibers send messages to this system to tell the brain to react to heat and cold
Central nervous system
Motor nerve fibers stimulate muscles such as the…
Arrector Pili Muscles
Motor nerves attached to the sweat or oil glands
Secretory Nerve Fibers
These nerve fibers send messages to the central nervous system and brain to react to heat cold pain pressure in touch
Sensory or efferent(motor)
Contains two types of duct glands each producing different substances. 
Dermis
Secrete oil while the sudoriferous glands excrete sweat
Sebaceous Glands
They regulate excretion from the sweat glands and control sebum output to the surface of the skin
Secretory nerve fibers
Excess fluid loss can result in the loss of
Electrolytes
The excretion of sweat is controlled by the…
Nervous system
Are most active during emotional changes
Apocrine glands
Glands that are larger on the face and scout then on the rest of the body
Sebaceous glands
A loss of this can lead to dehydration in the body
Electrolytes
It’s sensitive to adrenaline so sweating can occur during times of anxiety stress fear sexual arousal and pain
Apocrine function
In order to survive cells need these important elements:
Nourishment, protection and the ability to function properly through respiration, circulation, elimination of wastes, and continual replacement or proliferation.
Play an important role in the immune system by attacking virus infected cells foreign cells and cancer cells
T cells
Ingredients that stimulate skin cell turnover and reduce visible signs of aging
Vitamin A
Aha (alphahydroxy acids)
alpha lipoic acid
and other growth factors
What has the greatest impact on how our skin ages?
The sun and UV electromagnetic radiation
Gets their name from the thymus gland where they mature..
T cells
What percentage of our aging is caused by sun exposure?
80 to 85%
Also known as burning rays causing burning of the skin as well as tanning aging and cancer. 
UVB radiation
is a critical process in a complex task that is necessary for cells to survive
The prevention of free radical formation
Examples of antioxidants: 
Proteins
enzymes
vitamins
metabolites 
Elevation in blood sugar 
Glycation
As estrogen is depleted, skin…
Begins to lose its tone
Often suggested to balance estrogen for women experiencing menopause
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Lipids are protective oils and are part of the…..between epidermal cells
Intercellular matrix
This will remove and deplete lipids.
Exfoliation
Mitosis occurs in the stratum
Germinativum
Squamous cells are…
flat, scaly cells
Skin is thickest on the
Palms
Which cells in the basal layer produce pigment granules?
Melanocytes
Nerves are made up of
Neurons
Eccrine glands openings connect____instead of pore openings.
Oil glands
