Chapter 3-Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Perception is

A

Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses

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2
Q

Basic concepts of perception

A
  1. Perceptions can change based on added information
  2. Involves a process similar to reasoning or problem solving
  3. Perceptions occur in conjunction with actions
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3
Q

Is it possible that true human perceptual process are unique to humans?

A

Yes-attempts to create artificial forms of perception have been met with limited success

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4
Q

Problems with designing a perceiving machine

A

Inverse Projection Problem

  • involves determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina
  • involves extending outward from retinal image to the source of that image

Objects can be hidden or blurred

Objects look different from different viewpoints
-object invariance

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5
Q

Direct perception theories

A

-Bottom up processing

Perception comes from stimuli in the environment, parts are identified and put together, and then the recognition occurs

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6
Q

Constructive perception theories

A

-top down processing

People actively construct perceptions using information based on expectation

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7
Q

Bottom up processing

A
  • Perception may start with the senses
  • incoming raw data
  • energy registered on receptors
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8
Q

Top down processing

A
  • perception may start in the brain

- person’s knowledge, experience, expectations

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9
Q

Top down processing examples

A

“Blob experiment” confirms perception is not only based on inputs

Speech segmentation

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10
Q

Experiencing pain

A

Can be be bottom up process (early model that emphasized nociceptors that sent pain messages directly to brain)

Can be top down model because of expectations, attention, distraction can affect how we experience pain (Placebo effect, play games during bandage change)

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11
Q

Bottoms up processing: behavioural

A

Recognition by components theory (RBC)

  • we perceive objects by perceiving elementary features
  • Geons: three dimensional volumes
  • objects are recognized when enough information is available to identify objects geons’s
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12
Q

Geons are _______

A

Innate

Specific objects and their spatial relations are not

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13
Q

The more Geons the more ________ we are to recognize the object

A

Confident

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14
Q

Geons

A

Discriminability: Geons can be distinguished from other Geons from almost all viewpoints

Resistance to visual noise: Geons can be perceived in “noisy” conditions

Distinct: 36 different geons have been identified

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15
Q

Visual search

A
  • Triesman
  • visual perception and visual attention

Identification of objects involve two stages:

  1. A preattentive stage that automatically identifies basic features
  2. An attentive stage that combines the basic features to form objects

Identification of objects also depends on what else is visible

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16
Q

Visual search can be used for two basic purposes:

A

To identify the basic features of visual perception that are identified preattentively

To investigate the nature of the attentive stage

17
Q

Visual search is a

A

Bottom up process

18
Q

Preattentive stage

A

If search time is independent of the number of distractors (1 dimensional)

19
Q

Attentive stage

A

If search time increases with the number of distractors

20
Q

Exogenous cue

A

A unique value that draws attention

Search slope=0 (pops out)

Number of distractors is insignificant if there is only one feature

21
Q

Serial process

A
  • need to combine properties to detect target
  • combination is not automatic
  • attention is needed to “weld” properties together
  • search is a serial process-time needed depends on number of items
  • spotlight travels at about 50ms/item
22
Q

Feature integration theory (FIT)

A

For preattentive stage

  • automatic
  • no effort or attention
  • unaware of process
  • object analyzed into features

For focused attention stage

  • attention plays a key role
  • features are combined
23
Q

Treisman and Schmidt

A
  • participants report combination of features from different stimuli
  • illusory conjunctions occur because features are “free floating”
24
Q

R.M.-Balint’s syndrome

A

Inability to focus attention on individual objects

High number of illusory conjunctions reported

25
Q

Feature integration theory (FIT) is

A

Mostly bottom up processing

Top down processing influences processing when participants are told what they would see