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Cognitive Psych > Chapter 2-cognitive Neuroscience > Flashcards

Chapter 2-cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A
  • the study of the physiological basis of cognition

- involves an understanding of the nervous system and the individual units that comprise that system

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2
Q

Nerve net

A

Early concept of interconnected neurons creating a nerve net (similar to a highway network)

This allows for almost non stop continuous communication of signals throughout the network

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3
Q

Neuron doctrine

A
  • Contradicts the nerve net
  • Ramon y Cajal
  • individual nerve cells transmit signals and are not continuously linked with other cells
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4
Q

Neurons

A

Cells specialized to receive and transmit information in nervous system

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5
Q

Cell body

A

Contains mechanisms to keep cell alive

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6
Q

Axon

A

Tube filled with fluid that transmits electrical signal to other neurons

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7
Q

Dendrites

A

Multiple branches reaching from the cell body, which receives information from other neurons

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8
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Specialized to respond to information received from the senses

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9
Q

Action potential

A
  • Neuron receives signal from environment
  • information travels down the axon of that neuron to the dendrite of another neuron
  • all or none propagation
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10
Q

Measuring action potentials

A
  • microelectrodes pick up electrical signal

- placed near axon

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11
Q

Measuring action potentials

A
  • size is not measured: it remains consistent
  • the rate of firing is measured:

Low intensity stimulus: slow firing
High intensity stimulus: fast firing

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12
Q

Synapse

A

Space between axon of one neuron and dendrite or cell body of another

When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, synaptic vesicles open and release chemical neurotransmitters

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13
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that affect the electrical signal of the receiving neuron, cross the synapse and bind with the receiving dendrites

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14
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Increases chance neuron will fire

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15
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Decreases chance neuron will fire

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16
Q

Definition of the mind

A

A system that creates representations of the world, so that we can act on it to achieve goals

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17
Q

Principle of neural representation

A

Everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person’s nervous system

18
Q

Feature detectors

A

Huber and Wiesel research with visual stimuli in cats

Feature detectors are neurons that respond best to a specific element

19
Q

Experience-dependent plasticity (feature detectors)

A

The structure of the brain changes with experience

Kittens exposed to vertical only stimuli over time could only perceive verticals in normal stimuli
-demonstrated that perception is determined by neurons that fire to specific qualities of a stimulus

20
Q

Hierarchical Processing

A

When we perceive different objects, we do so in a specific order that moves from lower to higher areas of the brain

The ascension from lower to higher areas of the brain corresponds to perceiving objects that range from lower (simple) to higher levels of complexity

21
Q

Specificity coding (grandma cell)

A

Representation of a stimulus by the firing of specifically tuned neurons specialized to respond only to a specific stimulus

22
Q

Population coding

A

Representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons

All neurons fire but in different patterns

23
Q

Sparse coding

A

Representation of a stimulus by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons, with the majority of neurons remaining silent

24
Q

Localization of Function

A
  • specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain
  • cognitive functioning declines in specific ways when certain areas of the brain are damaged
25
Q

What part of the brain contains mechanisms responsible for most cognitive functions

A

Cerebral cortex (3mm thick layer covering the brain)

26
Q

Localization of Function: Language

A

Language production is impaired by damage to Broca’s area (frontal lobe)

Language comprehension is impaired by damage to Wernicke’s area (temporal lobe)

27
Q

Localization of Function: Perception

A

Primary receiving areas for the senses:

  • occipital lobe: vision
  • parietal lobe: touch, temp, pain
  • temporal lobe: smell, taste

Coordination of information received from all senses:
-frontal lobe

28
Q

Double Dissociation

A

-when damage to one part of the brain causes function A to be absent while function B is present, and damage to another area cause function B to be absent while Function A is present

Allows us to identify functions that are controlled by different parts of the brain

29
Q

Position Emission Tomography (PET)

A
  • blood flow increases in areas of the brain activated by a cognitive task
  • radioactive tracer is injected into person’s blood stream
  • measure signal from tracer at each location of the brain
  • higher signals indicate higher levels of brain activity
30
Q

Subtraction technique

A

Measures brain activity before and during stimulation presentation

Difference between activation determines what areas of the brain are active during manipulation

31
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

Measure brain activity by identifying highly oxygenated hemoglobin molecules

Activity recorded in voxels (3-D pixels)

32
Q

Method: Event-Related Potential (ERP)

A

Neuron “firing” is an electrical event

Measure electrical activity on the scalp and make inferences about underlying brain activity

Averaged over a large number of trials to calculate ERPs

Advantage: continuous and rapid measurements
Disadvantage: does not give precise location

33
Q

Localization demonstrated by brain imaging

A
  • Fusiform face area (FFA) responds specifically to faces. Damage to this area causes prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces)
  • Parahippocampal place area (PPA) responds specifically to places (indoor/outdoor scenes)
  • Extrastriate body area (EBA) responds specifically to pictures of bodies and parts of bodies
34
Q

Central principle of cognition

A

Most of our experience is multidimensional

In addition to localization of Function, specific functions are processed by many different areas of the brain (concepts are complementary)

35
Q

Neural networks

A

Interconnected areas of the brain that communicate with each other

36
Q

Connectome

A

Structural description of the network of elements and connections forming the human brain

Based on detection of how water diffuses along the length of nerve fibres

37
Q

Structural connectivity

A

The brains “wiring diagram” created by axons that connect brain areas

As unique to individuals as fingerprints

38
Q

Functional connectivity

A

How groups of neurons within the connectome function in relation to types of cognition

Determined by the amount of correlated neural activity in two brain areas

39
Q

Resting-state functional connectivity

A

Use task related fMRI to determine a brain location associated with carrying out a specific task. This location is called the seed location.

Measure the resting state fMRI at the seed location which is called the time series response because it indicates how the response changes over time.

Measure the resting state fMRI at another location, which is called the test location.

Calculate the correlation between the seed and test location response

40
Q

Six common functions determined by Resting State fMRI

A
  • visual: vision and visual perception
  • Somato-motor: movement and touch
  • Dorsal Attention: attention to visual stimuli and spatial locations
  • Executive control: higher level cognitive tasks involved in working memory and directing attention during tasks
  • Salience: attending to survival-relevant events in the environment
  • Default mode: mind wandering, and cognitive activity related to personal life-story, social functions, and monitoring internal emotional states
41
Q

Dynamics of cognition

A

The flow and activity within and across the brain’s functional networks change based on conditions

Change within and across network is constant

42
Q

Default mode network

A

Mode of brain function that occurs when it is at rest (activation at rest is higher than at tasks)

One of the brain’s largest networks

Cognitive Psych (21 decks)

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