Chapter 3 (Nervous, Respiratory, Excretory, and Lymphatic System))

Question 1

are considerably larger in birds than in reptiles but are almost homologous to the mammalian basal nuclei.

Answer 1

Cerebral hemispheres

Question 2

in the area of the sciatic plexus has a unique structure, the glycogen body, lying in a sinus in the dorsal half of the cord

Answer 2

Spinal cord

Question 3

Visible on a classically dissected young chicken

Answer 3

Glycogen body

Question 4

has cartilage and/or bone in the sclera and
vascular pigmented structure, the pectin, arising from the retina.

Answer 4

Eye

Question 5

has no external pinnae but has an external auditory meatus and can be divided
into external, middle and inner ear.

Answer 5

Ear

Question 6

are found in the middle ear, and the inner ear has semi-circular canals, utriculus, sacculus and a straight cochlea.

Answer 6

Calumella and stapes

Question 7

Birds have a nine ___ ___ located in the neck
region and body cavity that function to inflate the lungs

Answer 7

Ear sac

Question 8

occurs in the avian lung and the air sacs function to move air in and out of the
respiratory system

Answer 8

Gas exchange

Question 9

when the bird breathes in, air bypasses the lungs and enters the posterior air sacs.

Answer 9

Inhalation

Question 10

bird releases air from the posterior air sacs, which enters the lungs.

Answer 10

Exhalation

Question 11

located on the beak and the passageway for air to be breathed in and out of the trachea

Answer 11

Nostrils

Question 12

Removal of nitrogenous waste (uric acid).
* Regulation of water and electrolyte balance in the body.
* Acid-base balance to maintain homeostasis

Answer 12

Excretory System

Question 13

– preventing dehydration by conserving water

Answer 13

Osmoregulation

Question 14

is the main nitrogenous waste product excreted in birds.

Answer 14

Uric acid

Question 14

is multilobulated with no separation into cortex and medulla.

Answer 14

Kidney

Question 15

is usually cream colored and viscous but
under certain conditions it may be thin and watery.

Answer 15

Urine

Question 15

located above the eye with ducts draining to the nose, excretes excess salt in marine birds and may be important in electrolyte
homeostasis

Answer 15

Salt gland

Question 16

does not contain lymph nodes and in general is poorly developed when compared with mammals.

Answer 16

Lymphatic system

Question 17

There are several organs which contain lymphatic tissue

Answer 17

Bursa of Fabricius
Spleen
Thymus

Question 18

consists of about five pairs of pale pink, fattened, irregularly shaped lobes strung out along both sides of the neck, just superficial to the jugular veins.

Answer 18

Thymus gland

Question 19

a paired lobulated gland along the neck of the chicken which is considered to be the source of T cells or small lymphocytes which mediate the rejection of hemografts, graft virus-host reaction and delayed hypersensitivity.

Answer 19

Thymus

Question 20

an organ situated dorsally to the cloaca which is considered to be the source of B cells which forms plasma cells and produce antibody

Answer 20

Bursa of Fabricius

Question 21

is a small, round, soft organ similar in color to the liver.

Histologically, it is composed of red and white pulp.

Answer 21

Spleen

Question 22

The functions of the _____ include phagocytosis of worn out erythrocytes in red pulp, lymphocyte production in white pulp, and antibody production in both the red and white pulp except that there is some argument as to
whether or not it functions as a blood

Answer 22

Spleen

Question 23

Normal body temperature is 105 to 107°F or __ to __°C but in some instances varies depending on the breed

Answer 23

41-42°C

Question 24

Chickens will stand temperatures up to __°F at a relative humidity of __%.

Answer 24

100°F at a relative humidity of 65%