Chapter 3 Flashcards by Renil Jay Rabaca

Structures found outside the body with integral part or parts of the organ system located internally.

External Anatomy

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– Organs and organ system that function in a well-coordinated manner to enable survival, growth and reproduction.

Internal Anatomy

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*The study of the functions of the parts or
organ systems of the body.
*a study of function of living matter.

PHYSIOLOGY

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The ______ ______ consists of the
skin, the feathers, scales and the
appendages (claws and beak).

Integumentary system

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It protects the poultry from the environment, regulates its temperature and help sense surroundings.

Integumentary system

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Covered the poultry body which developed from the skin and has protective and locomotive functions and composed chiefly of a protein called keratin.

Feathers

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make up between 4 and 8 % of the live weight of the bird, the variability being related to age and sex; older birds and males have lower percentage.

Feathers

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– root of the feather

Calamus

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– long quill or shaft to give rigidity

Rachis

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– Extending from the quill

Barbs

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– extending from the barbs

Barbules

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– extending from the barbules

Barbicels

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play an important role in the sex variation. They increased the length and width of certain feathers of the male bird including the hackle, saddle, sickle and lesser sickle feathers.

Gonodal hormones

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There are 10 major feather tracts

Shoulder
Thigh
Rump
Breast
Neck
Abdomen
Led
Back
Wing
Head

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*Physiological phenomena which
consists in the shedding of feathers,
followed by their renewal.
*Accompanied by slowing down of
laying, or even a complete halt.

Molting

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– a stage of molting were it change from down to juvenile plumage (6-8 days to 4 weeks)

First Molt

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– A stage of molting were it change from the first juvenile plumage to the second juvenile plumage (between 7 and 12 weeks)

Second Molt

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– A stage of molting were there is a renewal of the plumage of hen between 16 and 18 months of age commonly called “the molt”. Poor egg producers molt early and slowly.

Third Molt

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The _____ of the chicken is represented by the
following parts: comb, eyes, eyelids, eye-rings
(inner margin of the eyelids), ears, earlobes, wattles and beak.

Head

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Are external structures on the head of poultry and are Largely ornamental. The size and color are associated with gonad development and secretion of the sex hormones.

Comb and Wattles

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types of comb

Buttercup comb
Cushion comb
Rose comb
Single comb
Strawberry comb
V comb
Pea comb
Walnut comb

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Yellow color due to dietary carotenoid pigments in the epidermis when melanic pigment is absent.

Feet and Shanks

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It is located dorsally and near the tip of the tail. The function of the gland is somewhat uncertain but preening chickens take oil from this gland and apply it to their feathers.

Uropygial gland or Preen Gland

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The ____ takes different texture in the area of the comb, wattles, earlobes, beak, scales, spurs and claws.

Skin

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The density of yellow color skin is correlated with the amount of _________ in the ration.

Xanthophyll

* Provide support and structure for the body. * Protect vital organs such as the heart, lungs and brain. * Facilitates movement necessary for walking, running, flying and perching.

Musculoskeletal System

* Plays a role in egg production, with calcium from bones contributing to eggshell formation. * Assist in respiration, as some bones are connected to the respiratory system.

Musculoskeletal System

– hollow and contain air sacs. These air sac diverticula result in a direct connection between the respiratory system and the skeletal system of avians.

Pneumatic Bones (hollow bones)

– grows under the influence of estrogen as trabeculae of primitive bone almost filling the medullary cavity and contain high amount of calcium.

Medullary Bone

are of practical significance in repairing fractures in small birds and in making a decision in meat inspection when a bird is affected with airsacculitis.

Air sacs

A calcium storage source that is used by the female hen to produce the egg shell during reproductive periods.

Medullary bone

– Provide rigidity and strength. Bones in the foot and shank. Cause birds to walk upright.

Fused Bones

* Composed of hard keratinized epidermal tissue. * This rostral structure forms part of the upper and lower jaws

Beak

is the removal of approximately one-half of the upper and lower level, In some cases only the upper beak is removed and it is used in the poultry industry to prevent cannibalism

Debeaking

is divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal areas:

Vertebral column

are the neck bones

Cervical vertebrae

are those in the thoracic, or chest, area.

Thoracic vertebrae

are those in the abdominal area.

Lumbar vertebrae

are those in the pelvic area.

Sacral vertebrae

are those in the tail area.

Coccygeal vertebrae

is the upper wing bone. This bone has the same name as the upper front leg bone in mammals, and the upper arm bone in humans.

Humerus

is the small straight lower wing bone. This bone has the same name as the larger lower front leg bone in mammals, and the lower arm bone in humans.

Radius

is the bone at the very end of the wing. It is frequently fractured during the slaughter process

Wingtip bone

The lumbar, sacral, and first six caudal (coccygeal) vertebrae are fused into an immobile dorsal bony structure referred to as the ________.

Synsacrum

is part of the pelvic girdle, and is a flat bone on each side of the anterior half of the synsacrum.

Ilium

also known as the pin bone, is a long thin bone that runs along the ventral side of the ischium

Pubis

is part of the pelvic girdie, and is a flat bone on each side of the posterior half of the synsacrum.

Ischium

is the upper leg bone, which is located in the thigh of the chicken, as in mammals.

Femur

is the major lower leg bone, which is located in the drumstick of the chicken, as in the lower leg of mammals.

Tibia

is a very small bone in the lower leg, or drumstick, of chickens. It is much smaller than it is in mammals.

Fibula

is the portion of the leg below the hock joint. It is normally removed during the slaughter process along with the paw.

Shank

*also called the keel or breast bone, is a single large bone on the ventral surface of the body.

STERNUM

* The vertebral ____ are those that originate from the vertebral column.

RIBS

The ____ ___are those that originate from the sternum (keel, breastbone).

Steal ribs

Two main types of muscles

White (fast-twitch) Red (slow-twitch)

– large breast muscle responsible for downward wing stroke

Pectoralis Major

2 flight muscles in bird

Pectoralis Major Supracoracoideus

– lifts the wing during the upward stroke

Supracoracoideus

– automatically locks toes around a perch when a bird rest.

Flexor Tendon Mechanism

– well-developed in ground-dwelling. Enable walking, running and perching.

Leg Muscles

– provide flexibility for pecking, feeding and preening. Birds have more neck vertebrae than mammals, allowing greater head movement.

Neck and Back Muscles

The chicken ______ muscle has mainly white fibers which contain relatively little myoglobin while some ___ muscles contain more red fibers with myoglobin.

Breast Leg

______ fibers it is hypothesized that they are designed for sustained flight in migration while ______ fibers are used for short rapid flight.

red white

also called the wishbone, pulleybone, or furculum, lies at the base of the neck. It is a fused bone.

Clavicle

bones lie on either side of the ribcage, and attach the shoulders to the breast bone.

Coracoid

Also known as shoulder blade, is a long thin bone which runs along the top of each side of the ribcage.

Scapula

It is located between the drumstick and the shank

Hock joint

Parts of Feathers

Calamus Rachis Barbs Barbules Barbicels

Skeletal System

Pneumatic bone Medullary bone Fused bone

Vertebral column

Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacral vertebrae Coccygeal vertebrae

Bones of Pectoral girdle

Clavicle Coracoid Scapula

Bones of the wing

Humerus Radius Ulna Wingtip bone

Parts of Pelvic girdle

Ilium Ischium Pubis

Leg parts of the chicken

Femur Tibia Fibula Shank hock joint

Chapter 3 Flashcards

(74 cards)