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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 3 - Models Of Abnormality > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Models Of Abnormality Flashcards

1
Q

The Biological Model

A

An illness brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism (brain anatomy, brain chemistry, brain circuitry)

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2
Q

Neurons

A

Approximately 86 billion

Transmits messages throughout the body to the brain

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3
Q

Glia

A

Support cells

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4
Q

Synapse

A

The tiny space between the nerve endings of one neuron and the dendrite of another

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5
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical that released by one neuron, crosses the synaptic space to be received at receptors on the dendrites of neighboring neurons

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6
Q

Receptor

A

A site on a neuron that receives a neurotransmitter

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7
Q

Hormones

A

The chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream

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8
Q

Brain circuit

A
  • A network of particular brain structures that work together, triggering each other into action to produce distinct kind of behavioral, cognitive or emotional reaction
  • increasingly focused on as the key to psychological disorders
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9
Q

Gene

A

Chromosome segments that control the characteristics and traits we inherit

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10
Q

Psychotropic medications

A

Drugs that primarily affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunction

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11
Q

Brain stimulation

A

Interventions that directly or indirectly stimulate the brain in order to bring about psychological improvement

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12
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy

A

A biological treatment in which a brain dies ire is triggered as an electrical current passes through electrodes attached to the patients forehead

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13
Q

Psychosurgery

A

Brain surgery for mental disorders

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14
Q

Id

A

The psychological force that produces instinctual drives, needs and impulses

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15
Q

Treatment types for biological model

A

Drug therapy, brain stimulation, psychosurgery

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16
Q

Strengths of biological model

A
  • respect in field
  • produces valuable new information
  • treatments may bring considerable relief
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17
Q

Weakness of biological model

A
  • can limit rather than enhance our understanding
  • too simplistic
  • treatments produce significant undesirable effects
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18
Q

What clinicians look for in biological model

A
  • Irregulation of neurotransmitters and/or hormones
  • genetic influences
  • problem with brain structures or abnormalities
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19
Q

Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic model

A
  • oldest and most famous
  • states persons behavior is determined by underlying dynamics or which the subject is not consciously aware
  • created by Sigmond Freud (1856-1939)
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20
Q

Developmental Stages (Freud)

A
  • oral
  • Anal
  • phallic
  • latency
  • genital
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21
Q

How did Freud view these stages?

A

If successful - personal growth

If unsuccessful - fixation at early age leading to psychological abnormalities

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22
Q

Egotheroists

A

Emphasizes the role of the ego, consider it independent from ID and powerful

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23
Q

Self-theorists

A

Emphasis unified personality

24
Q

Therapeutic techniques of psychoanalytic model

A
  • free association: talk about whatever is on their kind
  • therapist interpretation:
    • resistance: claiming therapists is wrong very strongly
    • transference
    • dream interpretation
  • catharsis
  • working through issues
25
Strengths of psychoanalytic model
- 1st to recognize psychological influences - abnormal function rooted in same process as normal function - 1st to apply theory and techniques systematically to treatment
26
Weakness of psychoanalytic model
- little to no research support • can’t study someone who is unconscious • non-observable concepts - some psychologists still refer to it because it has some positive and helpful outcomes (“Freudians”)
27
What clinicians look for in the psychoanalytic model
- evidence of unconscious conflicts | - faulty ego function
28
Ego
The psychological force that employs reasons and operates in accordance with the reality of principle
29
Ego defense mechanism
Strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse
30
Superego
The psychological force that represents a persons values and ideals
31
Fixation
A condition in which the id, ego or superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development
32
Self theory
The psychodynamic theory that emphasizes the role of the self or unified personality
33
The cognitive-behavior model
Focuses on the behaviors people display and the thoughts they have. Focuses on how behavior effects thinking and thinking effects behavior
34
Conditioning
A simple form of learning
35
Behavioral conditioning principles
Failed to account fully for the complexity of human functioning and dysfunction
36
Classical conditioning
A process of learning by temporal association in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in a persons mind and produce the same response
37
Modeling
A process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others
38
Operant conditioning
A process of learning in which individuals come to behave in certain ways as a result of experiencing consequences of one kind or another whenever they preform the behavior
39
The behavioral dimension
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Modeling
40
Social anxiety disorder
A psychological disorder in which people fear social situations
41
Exposure therapy
A behavior-forced intervention in which fearful people are repeatedly exposed to the objects or situations they dread
42
Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck
Proposed that we can best explain and treat abnormal function, not only by looking at behaviors, but also by focusing on cognitions Main model for cognition and behavior
43
Aaron Beck
Found that depressed people think in illogical ways and keep striving at self-defeating conclusions
44
Strengths of cognitive-behavioral model
- can be tested in a lab - theories lead themselves to research - therapies effective in treatment - model can be observed or measured
45
Weakness of cognitive-behavioral model
- precise role of cognition have yet to be determined - doesn’t help everyone - some changes may not be possible to achieve - narrow in certain ways
46
Humanistic-existential model
Focuses on human existence
47
Humanists
Believe human beings are born with a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative and constructive
48
Existentialists
Agree that human beings must have an accurate awareness of themselves and live meaningful lives in order to be psychologically well adjusted - don’t believe people are positively inclined
49
Self-actualization
The humanistic process by which people fulfill their potential for goodness and growth
50
Client-centered therapy
The humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which clinicians try to help clients by conveying acceptance, accurate empathy and genuineness
51
Carl Rogers
Believes the road to dysfunction begins in infancy The pioneer of the humanistic perspective. Proposed a theory of personality that paid little attention to irrational instincts and conflicts
52
Gestalt theory and therapy
Another humanistic approach The humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls in which clinicians actively love clients toward self-recognition and self-sacrosanct by using techniques such as role playing and self-discovery exercises
53
Existential theory and therapy
A therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives and to live with greater meaning and value Another humanistic theory These people do not believe that experimental methods can adequately test the effectiveness of their treatments
54
Strengths of humanistic-existential model
- optimistic | - recognizes the special challenges of human existence
55
Weakness of humanistic-existential model
- abstract issues are difficult to research

Abnormal Psychology (16 decks)

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