Chapter 12 - Substance Abuse and Addictive Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
Substance Intoxication
A
Causes temporary changes in behavior, emotion, or thought
2
Q
Substance use disorders
A
patterns of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by the repeated use of substances
3
Q
Tolerance
A
need increasing doses of the substance to produce the desired effect
4
Q
Withdrawal
A
reactions consist of unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms that occur when the person suddenly stops taking or cuts back on the substance
5
Q
Binge drinking episode
A
When someone consumes 5 or more drinks in one sitting
6
Q
Ethyl Alcohol
A
A chemical that is quickly absorbed into the blood through the lining of the stomach and the intestines
7
Q
GABA
A
Carries inhibitory messages to stop firing when it is received by a certain neuron
8
Q
What happens at a .06 BAC
A
The person feels relaxed and comfortable
9
Q
What happens at a .09 BAC
A
Drinker has crossed a line into intoxication
10
Q
What happens at a .55 BAC
A
The drinker will most likely die
11
Q
What is the average rate of metabolism of alcohol
A
25% of an ounce per hour on average, however, people “sober up” differently
12
Q
What happens when someone goes through Alcohol Withdrawal?
A
Within hours their hands, tongue and eyelids begin to shake; they feel weak and nauseated, they sweat and vomit ; their heart beats rapidly; and their blood pressure rises. They become anxious, depressed unable to sleep or irritable.
13
Q
Delirium Tremens
A
- Terrifying visual hallucinations that begin within three days after they stop or reduce their drinking.
- May also have seizures, lose consciousness, suffer a stroke or die
14
Q
Cirrhosis
A
Liver becomes scarred and dysfunctional
15
Q
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
A
- A disease marked by extreme confusion, memory loss, and other neurological symptoms
- Cannot remember the past or learn new information and may make up for their memory losses by confabulating
16
Q
Confabulating
A
Reciting made-up events to fill in the gap
17
Q
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
A
A pattern of abnormalities that can include intellectual disability disorder, hyperactivity, head and face deformities, heart defects and slow growth
18
Q
Sedative-hypnotic drugs (anxiolytic)
A
produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness.
19
Q
Barbiturates
A
The most widely prescribed hypnotic drug
20
Q
Benzodiazepines
A
Generally safer and less likely to lead to intoxication, tolerance effects and withdrawal reactions
21
Q
Sedative-hypnotic drug use disorder
A
a pattern marked by craving for the drugs, tolerance effects and withdrawal reactions
22
Q
Opioids
A
- Taken from the sap of opium poppy
- heroin, morphine, codeine and similar synthetic drugs
- cause nausea, constipation and pinpoint pupils
23
Q
Opium
A
Been used for thousands of years and widely in the treatment of medical disorders because of its ability to reduce both physical and emotional pain
24
Q
Morphine
A
- Named after greek god of sleep, Morpheus
- Drug relieves pain even better than opium
- a.k.a. “soldiers disease”
25
Heroin
- viewed as a wonder drug and used as cough medicine
| - pain reliever
26
Narcotics
Collective opioid driven drugs
27
What are the ways opioids are taken?
- skin popping
- mainlining
- smoking
- inhaling
- snorting
28
Endorphins
Neurotransmitters that help relieve pain and reduce emotional tension
29
Withdrawal of Opioids
- anxiety
- restlessness
- sweating
- rapid breathing
- severe twitching
- aches
- fever
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- loss of appetite
- high blood pressure
- weight loss up to 15 pounds
Symptoms peak by third day and disappear by the 8th day
30
Dangers of Opioids
- overdose
- respiratory center shuts down
- paralyzing breathing
- death
31
Simulants
- Increase the activity of the CNS, resulting in increased blood pressure and heart rate, more alertness, and sped-up behavior and thinking
- Cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine and nicotine
32
Cocaine
- central active ingredient is from the coca plant
| - most powerful natural stimulant
33
What does cocaine do to the body?
- stimulates other centers of the CNS
- a faster pulse, higher blood pressure, faster and deeper breathing and further arousal and wakefulness
- Increases supplies of dopamine
34
Cocaine Intoxication
Poor muscle coordination, grandiosity, bad judgment, anger, aggression, compulsive behavior, anxiety and confusion
35
Cocaine Induced Psychosis
Hallucinations, delusions, or both
36
What happens when cocaine subsides?
- "crashing"
- dizziness, headaches, fainting
- In high doses, the above and stupor, deep sleep and coma
37
Freebasing
a technique in which the pure cocaine basic alkaloid is chemically separated or "freed" from the processed cocaine, vaporized by heat from a flame and inhaled through a pipe
38
Crack
- a powerful form of freebase cocaine that has been boiled down into crystalline balls
- it is smoked with a special pipe and makes a crackling sound as it is inhaled
39
What are the dangers of cocaine
- linked to many suicides
- overdose is the greatest danger
- a strong effect on the respiratory center of the brain depressing it to where it could almost stop
- heart irregularities
- brain seizures that bring breathing and heart beat to a stop
40
Amphetamines
are stimulant drugs that are manufactured in the laboratory
| - first discovered in 1930's to help treat asthma f
41
What do Amphetamines do to the body?
- Increase energy and alertness
- reduce appetite
- produces a rush, intoxication and psychosis in high doses
- an emotional letdown as they leave the body
- stimulate the CNS by increasing dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin
42
Methamphetamine
- "crank"
- stovetop laboratories
- 6% of people over age 11 have an addiction
43
Neurotoxicity
Damage to the nerve endings
44
What happens when people stop taking meth?
- depression
- fatigue
- sleep problems
- anxiety
45
Caffeine
- most widely used stimulant
- peak concentration is within an hour
- release of dopamine, serotonin, norephinephrine
46
Caffeine Intoxication
- restlessness
- nervousness
- anxiety
- stomach disturbances
- twitching
- faster heart rate
- can cause grand mal seizures and respiratory failure in doses larger than 10 grams
47
Caffeine withdrawals
Headaches, depression, anxiety and fatigue
48
Hallucinogens
Substances that cause powerful changes in sensory perception, from strengthening a person's normal perception to inducing illusions or hallucinations
49
Trips
- Hallucinations so out of the ordinary
| - exciting or frightening depending on how the body reacts
50
LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide)
most famous and most powerful hallucinogens was derived by Swiss chemist Albert Hoffman
51
What does LSD do to the body?
- Visual perceptions
- Psychological changes and physical symptoms
- Causes people to have illusions in which objects seem distorted and appear to move, breathe or change shape
- hear sounds more clearly, feel tingling or numbness in the limbs and confuse sensations of hot and cold
- induce strong emotions from joy to depression
52
Cannabis
- The most powerful is called Hashish
| - mixture of buds, crushed leaves and flowers from the hemp plant
53
THC
- appears to be the one most responsible for its effects
54
What does cannabis do to the body?
- Hallucinogen
- Depressant
- stimulant
- typically has feelings of joy and relaxation and may become either quiet or talkative
55
Cannabis Use Disorder
- Social and occupational or academic lives are affected
- Cannot go a single day without smoking
- Become restless and irritable with flulike symptoms when they stop smoking
56
Problems with Cannabis
- Fail to remember information
- Memory and thinking problems
- contribute to lung disease
- reduces the ability to expel air from the longs more than tobacco does
- lower sperm counts
- anxious, suspicious or irritated if smoking in an unpleasant environment
- causes people to panic or feel like they're losing their minds
- Interferes with complex sensorimotor tasks and with cognitive functioning
- has caused many automobile accidents
57
Combination of Substances
- When you take more than one type of drug at a time
| - AKA polysubstance use
58
Cross-tolerance
can reduce the symptoms of withdrawal from one drug by taking another drug
59
Synergistic Effect
Often greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone: a small dose of one drug mixed with a small dose of another can produce an enormous change in the body's chemistry
60
Socioculture Theorists of Substance abuse
- believe people are most likely to develop a substance use disorder when they live under stressful socioeconomic conditions
- propose that people are more likely to develop substance use disorders if they are part of a family or social environment in which substance use is valued or accepted
61
Psychodynamic View of Substance abuse
- believe that people with substance use disorders have powerful dependency needs that can be traced to their earlier years
- believe that certain people respond to their early deprivations by developing a substance abuse personality that leaves them particularly prone to drug abuse
62
Cognitive - Behavioral view of substance abuse
- operant conditioning may play a key role
- argue that temporary reduction of tension or raising of spirits produced by a drug has a rewarding effect, thus increasing the likelihood that the user will use the drug again
- Classical conditioning may also play a rol as it occurs when two stimuli that appear close together in time become connected in a person's mind, so that eventually, the person responds similarly to each stimulus
63
Biological Views of Substance Abuse
Believes people are genetically predisposed to become addicted to drugs
64
Genetic Linkage
strategies and molecular biology techniques provide more direct evidence in support of a genetic explanation
65
Neurotransmitters
- Alcohol reduces GABA
- Opioids reduce endorphins
- Cocaine or amphetamines lower dopamine
66
Reward Circuit
whenever a person ingests a substance, the substance eventually activates the brain's reward circuit - key neurotransmitter is dopamine
67
Incentive-Sensitization theory
neurons in the circuit fire more readily when stimulated by the substances, contributing to future desires for them
68
Reward deficiancy syndrome
reward circuit is not readily activated by the usual events in their lives so they turn to drugs to stimulate this pleasure pathway, particularly in times of stress
69
Psychodynamic Theorists treat Substance abuse by
- guiding clients to uncover and work through the underlying needs and conflicts that they believe have led to the substance use disorder
- then try to help the clients change their substance-related styles of living
70
Cognitive-Behavioral Theorists treat substance abuse by
- help clients to identify and change the behaviors and cognition that keep contributing to their patterns
71
Aversion Therapy
a widely used approach based on the behavioral principles of classical conditioning clients are repeatedly presented with an unpleasant stimulus at the very moment they are taking the drug
72
Contingency management
offers clients incentives that are contingent on the submission of drug-free urine specimens
73
Relapse-prevention training
Taught to identify high-risk situations, appreciate the range of decisions that confront the in such situations, change their dysfunctional lifestyles and learn from mistakes and lapses
74
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Mindfulness-based approach to help clients become aware of their streams of thoughts as they are occurring and to accept such thoughts as mere events of the mind
75
Detoxification
systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug (biological)
76
Antagonist Drugs
- block or change the effects of the addictive drug
| - disulfiriam - often given to people who are trying to stay away from alcohol. (biological)
77
Drug Maintenance Therapy
People with an addiction are given the laboratory opioid methadone as a substitute, or agonist, for heroine (biological)
78
Sociocultural therapies
- Alcoholics Anonymous
- residential treatment centers
- community prevention programs
79
Gambling Disorders
- defined less by the amount of time or money spent gambling but the addictive behavior
- Inherited by a genetic predisposition
- experience heightened dopamine
- have impulsive, novelty seeking and other personality types that leave them prone to gambling disorders
80
Internet use disorder
spend all or most of their waking hours texting, tweeting, networking, gaming, internet browsing, e-mailing, blogging, visiting virtual worlds, shopping online or viewing pornography
