Chapter 3- Macromolecules (I) Flashcards
Highly polar molecules with common structures, provides energy, and structural support
carbohydrates
primarily hydrophobic, provides insulation, and long-term energy storage to cells
lipids
What are the four basic types of larger molecules for life?
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Nucleic Acids
-Proteins
Macromolecules
large molecules
What can form huge molecules?
carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
What are macromolecules built from?
monomers
What are monomers built from
built from smaller molecules
A chain of covalently attached monomers
polymer
Polymer Synthesis (Assembly)
One H2O is released for every added monomer
Polymer Breakdown (Disassembly)
One h2O is added for every monomer removed
What do carbohydrates contain?
C, H, and O
Why are carbohydrates necessary for?
-Provides energy for cells
-Provides structure for cells
Basic unit or monomer of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
Two monosaccharides join together through glycosidic bond
disaccharide (dimer)
Monosaccharide
one sugar molecule
Disaccharide
2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together
Ogliosaccharide
3-10 monosaccharides
Polysaccharide
> 10 monosaccharides
Polarity of Carbohydrates
polar
Solubility of carbohydrates
very soluble in aqueous solutions
alpha
below
beta
above
what are the ring-form glucose forms
alpha (a) and beta (B) glucose
Function of polysaccharides
-Store energy (a polymers)
-Structure (B polymers)
What are the energy-storage polysaccharides in plants?
Starch
What is starch?
-polymer of a-glucose
-compact helical structure
What are the energy-storage polysaccharides in animals?
Glycogen
-Polymer of a-glucose
-Stored in liver, heart, and skeletal muscle
Glycogen
Since our cells can’t take in big molecules like disaccharides and polysaccharides, what breaks it down to their monomers?
hydrolysis
How does hydrolysis work?
bonds between two sugar monomers that need to be broken using water
What are the polymers of B-form monosaccharides?
-Cellulose
-Peptidoglycans
-Chitin
What is the plant cell wall?
cellulose
What is the bacterial cell wall?
Peptidoglycan
What is the fungal cell wall, insect exoskeleton, and crab shells?
chitin
What is the most abundant organic molecule on Earth?
cellulose
What is the principal component of plant cell walls?
Cellulose
What do both cellulose and starch consist of?
strings of thousands or million glucose molecules
Naturally occurring molecules from either plant or animal that is considered non polar because they contain non polar, hydrophobic functional groups
lipids
What atoms do lipids mostly contain?
-Carbon
-Hydrogen
-Oxygen
Functions of lipids?
-Long-term energy and insulation
Forming cellular membranes
-Regulation of growth/development
-Protection and water-saving
What are fats?
-Glycerol (3-carbon polyalcohol)
-One or more fatty acids
Saturated fatty acid
no C=C
Monounsaturated fatty acid
One C=C
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
More than one C=C
Presence of C=C affects the close packaging of fatty acyl tails
Triglycerides
-Usually saturated fatty acids
-Fatty acid tails tightly packed
-Solid at room temp
-Fats
Animal lipids
-Usually unsaturated fatty acids
-Fatty acid tails loosely packed
-Liquid at room temp
-Oils
Plant lipids
-Major component of all bio membranes
-Spontaneously self-assemble into bilayer in an aqueous environment
phospholipids
Common steroids
-Sex hormones
-Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
-Mineral corticoids (aldosterone)
-Strongly hydrophobic and can repel water
-Solid at room temp due to high melting point
-Provides a protective layer
-Prevent water loss in plants
-Guards our our drums from dust, dirt, insects
Waxes
