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Cell Mol > Chapter 2- Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter composed of?

A

atoms

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2
Q

Why do atoms combine?

A

To form compounds and molecules

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3
Q

How do atoms interact?

A

Through electrons

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4
Q

Strength of molecular interactions

A

Can be either strong or weak

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5
Q

What fundamental substances is the natural world composed of?

A

Elements

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6
Q

substances that can’t be broken down by a chemical reaction

A

Elements

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7
Q

How are elements identified on period table?

A

Chemical symbols

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8
Q

What elements make up ~96% of matter in organisms?

A

-Oxygen
-Carbon
-Hydrogen
-Nitrogen

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9
Q

What are compounds made of?

A

Compounds contain 2+ different elements

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10
Q

What contains

-Protons
-Electrons
-Neutrons

A

Atoms

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11
Q

Protons are?

A

Positive charge

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12
Q

Neutrons are?

A

neutral, no charge

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13
Q

Electrons are?

A

negative charge

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14
Q

How are elements identified by?

A

the number of protons in an atom

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15
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

Number of protons

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16
Q

What charge are atoms overall?

A

They are neutral, no charge

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17
Q

What does the number of electrons equal to?

A

Usually equals the number of protons

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18
Q

Where are electrons found?

A

In the shells

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19
Q

How many electrons go in shell 1?

A

2

20
Q

How many electrons in shell 2?

A

8

21
Q

How many electrons in shell 3?

A

8

22
Q

What happens to the energy the closer electrons get to the nucleus?

A

The energy lowers

23
Q

Where do all chemical interactions in atoms occur?

A

Between electrons ONLY
(nuclei never interact)

24
Q

Even though protons are the same, electrons are

A

NOT the same
(variable amounts of energy)

25
Q

What is the outer electron shell called?

A

Valence shell

26
Q

What are the electrons in the valence shell called?

A

valence electrons

27
Q

When are atoms most stable?

A

When the valence shell is full

28
Q

Attractions are the result of what?

A

interactions between valence electrons of 2+ atoms

29
Q

The strength of chemicals bonds can be?

A

strong or weak

30
Q

extremely strong and stable bonds

A

Covalent bonds

31
Q

When do covalent bonds occur?

A

when adjacent atoms share electrons

32
Q

When 2 or more atoms are held together by covalent bonds

A

Molecule

33
Q

Why are atoms “bullies”?

A

They don’t always share their electrons equally

34
Q

measure of how nucleus holds onto electrons

A

EN

35
Q

The more EN

A

the more strongly it pulls electrons

36
Q

Which are the most EN atoms of biological importance?

A

Oxygen and Nitrogen

37
Q

electrons are shared equally and charge are distributed symmetrically

A

Nonpolar covalent bond

38
Q

Unequal electron sharing and asymmetric distribution of electron charges

A

Polar covalent bonds

39
Q

What do weak bonds result from?

A

electrostatic attractions between two atoms

39
Q

Types of Weak bonds

A

-Hydrogen bonds
-Ionic bonds
-van deer Waal interaction

40
Q

-Extremely important in biological systems
-occurs when H covalently bonded to one EN attracted to another EN atom

A

hydrogen bonds

41
Q

large EN differences pull electrons from the outer shell of one atoms

A

Ionic bonds

42
Q

atoms with electrical charge
(positive or negative)

A

Ions

43
Q

How do atoms become ions?

A

gaining or losing electrons

44
Q

attractions between molecules that are close together as result of temporary changes (extremely weak)

A

Van der Waals interaction

45
Q

What do van der Waals interactions determine?

A

-3D shape of proteins
-Specific interactions of antigens and antibodies
-Specific interactions between enzymes and substrate

46
Q

Van der Waals:
If electrons are not evenly distributed

A

They may accumulate by chance in one part of the molecule

Cell Mol (10 decks)

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