Chapter 3 - JOB ANALYSIS Flashcards
Process of defining a job in terms of its component tasks or duties and the knowledge or skills required to perform them
What is a job analysis?
________ methods of job analysis attempt to gather information about the work and the worker at the same time
Hybrid
A written statement of how, what, and why employees do their tasks is known as a job: ______
Description
One advantage of using worker-oriented methods over job-oriented methods when conducting a job analysis is the: _______
Ability to make comparisons across jobs
The most frequently used job evaluation system is known as the: ___________
Point system
Provide one example of a worker-oriented method
JEM, PAQ, CMQ, KSAOs
Provide one example of a job- oriented method
TIA, FJA, DOT
Provide one example of a hybrid method
O*net
What are the uses of Job Analysis? Define them.
Job design/ redesign: reveal problems & opportunities for better job design
Training: identify areas that need training programs to be developed
Job classification: categorize jobs into job families
Selection & placement: identify KSAOs that are necessary for successful performance
Criterion Development & Performance Appraisal: identifies what the organization defines as effective work behaviors
What is the data we collect from Job Analysis?
Observable job behaviors including both what is accomplished & how it is accomplished.
Characteristics of the job environment include: physical, social, mechanical, & informational elements
Activity of work that is performed to achieve a specific objective
Task
Smallest unit of work activity
Ex: pressing a button to start a machine
Element
What are the 3 types of Job Analysis?
1) work/Job oriented
2) worked-oriented
3) hybrid
Focus on what the worker DOES… includes:
Tasks, tools, machines, & work context
- emphasis is on what is being accomplished & resources used to accomplish task(s)
Work/Job-oriented (task-oriented)
Focus is on WORKER:
Attributes, &/or characteristics
-those that are required for people need to be able to complete their jobs successfully
Worker - Oriented
Combination of work & worker-oriented
-focus on what(work method) & who (worker method)
Hybrid
People currently occupying the job of interest
Incumbents
Job analysis process (8 steps)
1) decide on the job(s) to be analyzed
2) decide on the people who will provide data
3) Decide on the method to gather job data
4) meet with selected employees (manager & incumbents) to explain process & method
5) collect data
6) prepare final job analysis data form
7) send to manager & incumbents for feedback
8) revise if needed. Create the job description & send to manager for approval
- Task statements generated by subject matter experts (SMEs)
Task Inventory Approach (TIA)
Tasks performed by an individual in an organization
Position
A collection of positions similar enough to one another to share a common job title
Job
What are KSAOs?
Knowledge, skills, abilities, & others
Who are SMEs?
Incumbents or experts
Focuses on what the worker DOES rather than what they ACCOMPLISH
Functional Job Analysis (FJA)
What is the focus of FJA?
Data- extent to which cognitive resources are needed to handle info, facts, ideas
People- extent to which interpersonal resources are needed
Things- extent to which physical resources are needed (strength, speed, etc)
Contains basic information in 12,000 various jobs
- codes jobs according to data, people, & things dimensions
- contains a lead statement, task element statement, and “may” items in order to describe job requirements
Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT)
What are some advantages of job oriented?
- cheap/ quick to administer
- done at respondents’ leisure
- can survey many incumbents
- easily quantifies & analyzed
What are some disadvantages of Job oriented?
- time consuming & expensive to develop
- ambiguities in items unresolved
- narrowly focused on specific task
- this, hard to compare across jobs & may miss similarities
Developed by dept. of labor to replace the DOT; data base of over 950 occupations
- purpose: identify & describe the key components of modern occupations
- based on data gathered in a variety of ways; hybrid approach
- highly accessible; searchable online database
Occupational Information Network (O*Net)
Designed to identify the characteristics of superior workers in a particular job
- use SMEs to develop list of job elements
- aim: to directly connect JA to the selection context by identifying the KSAOs that are necessary for successful job performance
Job Element Method (JEM)
Standardized instrument that focuses on general work behaviors
- 187 items—> describe general work behaviors, work conditions, job characteristics
- concerns; not for white collar jobs, college reading level, too abstract so many jobs look similar
Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ)
Developed by Harvey,
- focus: describing jobs at a level that allows the descriptions to be compared across jobs, as opposed to describing them so abstractly that differences across jobs are lost
- consists of 2,077 items organized along 80 dimensions: computer based
- criticism: time to complete(~3 hrs)
Common Metric Questionnaire (CMQ)
What are some Job Analysis tools?
Observation Interviews Surveys Job diaries Use of existing data
Intentional, systematic process of collecting current & future work-related aspects of a job within the organizations strategic context
Strategic Job Analysis
As an outcome of job analysis, a written statement of what job holders actually do, how they do it, & why they do it
Job Description
An outcome of job analysis delineating the KSAOs deemed necessary to perform a job; often called specs
Job Specifications
What are some advantages of interviews?
Provide a broad view of the job in a short period.
Can be tailored to get at specific information
What are some disadvantages of interviews?
- may describe the ideal job rather than the typical job (incumbent may distort reality)
- may be difficult for experienced workers to articulate job tasks that have become automatic
- dependent on interviewer ability
What are some advantages fdor job diaries?
Detailed, hour-by-hour, day-by-day account of job from incumbents perspective
Best for non-repetitive, creative jobs
What are some disadvantages of job diaries?
Garbage-in… garbage-out
Time consuming to maintain & analyze
What are some advantages of surveys?
Efficient can collect great deal of info quickly from SMEs
Amenable go psychometric Analysis
What are some disadvantages of surveys?
Garbage-in… garbage-out(deficiency)
Rater unreliability
May get conflicting data from incumbents vs. supervisors
Requires lots of data to do psychometric Analysis
Written statement about what job holder actually does; how & why
Job description
Technique based on JA that attempts to determine the value or worth of particular jobs to organizations so that salaries can be set accordingly
Job Evaluation
KSAOs necessary to perform a job
Job specification
Maintains that jobs of equal (or comparable) worth to the organization should be compensated equally
Comparable Worth
Men & women who do the same work must receive equal pay
Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA)
Indicate that employees are compensated based on them- are effort, skill, responsibility, & working conditions
Compensable Factors
Involves estimating the value of jobs based on points assigned to various predetermined dimensions
Point system
