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IO > Chapter 12 - Group Processes & Work Teams > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Group Processes & Work Teams Flashcards

1
Q

Interdependent collection of individuals who share responsibility for specific outcomes for their organizations
- must share common goals that affect each other

A

Work Group

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2
Q

Two or more people engaged in interaction with each other who are also working toward a common goal

A

Collaboration

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3
Q

Work groups in which the actions of individuals are interdependent & coordinated; each member has a role; team has common goals/objectives

A

Work Teams

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4
Q

Shared expectations about appropriate ways of responding in a group

A

Norms

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5
Q

Distinguishable set of two or more people who interact dynamically, interdependently, and adaptively toward a common and valued goal/Objective/mission, who have each been assigned specific roles or functions to perform, and to have a limited life-span membership

A

Teams

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6
Q

What are the 2 levels of analysis? Define them

A
  • Group - level
  • looking at the group as a whole
  • studying “the first, not the trees”
  • Individual - level
  • looking at the people in the group
  • studying “the trees, not the forest”
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7
Q

Why do we use Teams?

A
  • most appropriate for complex tasks. Complex decision-making, or creative tasks
  • appropriate when the situation is variable, requiring the team to adapt to changing external conditions
  • innovation/creativity promotes
  • enable quick, effective development/delivery of products & services
  • work can be performed concurrently rather than sequentially
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8
Q

What are the 2 types of norms? Define them.

A
  • Descriptive Norms
  • what most people do, feel or think in a particular situation
    • violators are seen as unusual, different
  • Prescriptive Norms
  • what people should do, feel, or think in a particular situation
    • violators are seen as dysfunctional, bad employees
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9
Q

What are the purposes of norms?

A
  • facilitate group production
  • ⬆️ prediction of group member behavior
  • provide a sense of identity to the group
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10
Q

What is conformity?

A

Process of adhering to group norms

  • maintains order & uniformity
  • extreme/repeated norm violations —> ostracism
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11
Q

Set of behaviors expected of a person who occupies a particular position in a group or organization
- not the same as personality

A

Roles

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12
Q

What is role differentiation?

A

Process by which a group or organization establishes distinct roles for various group or organization members

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13
Q

What are things that improve Cohesion?

A
  • equal status between group members
  • similarities between group members
  • stability of group membership
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14
Q

What are the outcomes of cohesion?

A
  • members of cohesive groups are more satisfied than members of non-cohesive groups
  • cohesion is positively linked to performance, but only when it is work-related
  • can also lead to negative outcomes such as group think
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15
Q

The strength of members motivation to maintain membership in a group & of the links or bonds that have developed among the members

A

Cohesion

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16
Q

Degree of attraction anon group members
Viewed as:
- binding & combative force
- group unity, group goals above individual goals
- specific type of interpersonal attraction
-aspect of teamwork

A

Cohesion

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17
Q

What are some examples of roles?

A 
Leader
Follower
Outcast
Questioner
Motivator
Mistake catcher
Entertainer
Critic
Organizer
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18
Q

Reduction in individual effort that occurs when people work in groups instead of alone

A

Social Loafing

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19
Q

When are individuals most likely to “loaf”?

A
  • They believe their individual efforts will be identified

- others are going to be personally affected by their effort

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20
Q

What could help you avoid social loafing(ers)?

A

-finding similarities(in class)
↪️ balance between active vs. non active
↪️ what classes students have taken(1st day)
- roles differentiates at front
- mid-way check-in to see where e/ member is
- more group work inside the classroom
- no leadership- quiz that hit better grade
- clear communication within teams
↪️ track -blackboard

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21
Q

What are 3 types of social loading? Define them.

A

Free Riding- happens when employees perceive their efforts are not necessary to group success & rewards

Sucker effect- occurs when group members decide they will no longer be a “sucker” & reduce their effort

Social compensation - employees increase efforts bc they don’t anticipate much help

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22
Q

What are Bruce Tuckman’s 5 stages of group development? Define them. (1960)

A

1) Orientation(Forming)- members get to know e/o
2) Conflict(Storming)- members question e/o, reveal more of who they really are
3) Structure(Norming)- group becomes more cohesive & United
4) Performance(Performing)- members are productive
5) Dissolution(Adjourning)- group is dissolved

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23
Q

What are the 5 steps to effective group decision making?

A

1) diagnose the problem
2) generate solutions
3) evaluate solutions
4) choose a solution
5) develop an action plan & implementation of solution

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24
Q

What do we mean by “diagnose the problem”? & what # is it in group decision making?

A

1 in group decision making

Group comes to agreement on problem, obstacles; prepares to overcome

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25
Q

What do we mean by “Generate Solutions”? Give an example. & what # is it in group decision making?

A

Communication to process & goals while trying to identify solutions
Ex: Brainstorming

#2 in Group decision making

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26
Q

All members of group generate potential solutions without fear of criticism by other members

A

brainstorming

27
Q

When is effectiveness of brainstorming reduced?

A
  • members are delayed in sharing their ideas
  • members are apprehensive about voicing their ideas
  • members are motivated by how “good” they look to others
28
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

Alternative model in which groups fluctuate more quickly between the stages of development
-rapid change due to crisis of half-way point

29
Q

Stage model describes _________

A

The continuous manner in which a groups structure changes over time

30
Q

Punctuated equilibrium describes ________

A

Discontinued changes in a group’s pacing & task activities over time

31
Q

Any non motivational element of a group situation that detracts from the group’s performance

A

Process loss

32
Q

Sally is working on a group project for class & does less than he share of the work bc she perceives her efforts are necessary for her & the group to achieve an “A” grade on the project. Sally has engaged in… _______

A

Free riding

33
Q

According to Tuckman, the stage of group development when members become more cohesive, increase trust, establish unity, & develop standards is called _______

A

Norming

34
Q

Informal groups serve many functions, including __________

A

Satisfied the need to feel safe & connected

35
Q

____________ describes the discontinuous changes in a group’s pacing & task activities over time

A

Punctuated equilibrium

36
Q

___________ teams monitor & control the process or product, as well as team members’ assignments

A

Self-managed work

37
Q

Groupthink is more likely to occur in groups that ____________

A

Are isolated from others with dissenting opinions

38
Q

Organized knowledge structures that combine the knowledge, beliefs, & understanding of group members & help coordinate efforts are known as ____________

A

Shared mental models

39
Q

What is shared information & what is it a part of?

A

Information held by all group members

Part of process loss

40
Q

What do we mean by “evaluate solutions”? & what # is it in group decision making?

A

Group critically evaluates each of the solutions

3 in group decision making

41
Q

What do we mean by “choose a solution”? What are the common approaches & what # is it in group decision making?

A

Group compares the remaining solutions, chooses one:
Common approaches: delegating, averaging individual inputs, majority rules, group consensus

4 in group decision making

42
Q

What do we mean by “develop an action plan & implementation of solution”? & what # is it in group decision making?

A

Develop detailed action steps & methods for monitoring/evaluation progress

5 in group decision making

43
Q

What is unshared information & what is it a part of?

A

Information held by only one group member

Part of process loss

44
Q

Any non motivational element of a group situation that detracts from the group’s performance
• actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes

A

Process Loss

45
Q

What are some antecedents of group think?

A

Cohesion
Isolation from dissenting opinions
Strong/biased leadership
High decisional stress

46
Q

Mode of thinking that individuals engage in when the desire to agree becomes so dominant in a cohesive group that it tends to override the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action

A

Groupthink

47
Q

What are some symptoms of Group think?

A
  • Feelings of invulnerability & unanimity if Group
  • direct pressure on dissenters
  • mind guarding
  • rationalizing
  • stereotyping
  • self-censorship
  • illusions of morality
48
Q

How can we prevent group think?

A
  • De-emphasize agreement
  • Quickly correct misperceptions/biases rather than assuming accuracy
  • Follow basic steps for effective decision making
49
Q

A member of a cohesive group whose job it is to protect the group from outside information that is inconsistent with the group’s views

A

Mindgaurd

50
Q

Behavior by a person/group intended to inhibit the attainment of goals by another person or group

A

Conflict

51
Q

What are some negative outcome of conflict?

A
  • reduces group cohesiveness
  • less efficient communication
  • lower team/job/Group satisfaction
  • sabotage
  • higher stress
  • group goals can become secondary
52
Q

What are some positive outcomes of conflict?

A
  • innovation
  • creative performance
  • energize group members
  • ⬆️work motivation
  • ⬆️ organizational Commitment
  • improved decision-making quality
53
Q

What are some sources of conflict?

A
  • scarcity of important resources
  • individual & Group interdependence
  • the “we-they” feeling (ex: unions vs.managers)
  • interpersonal conflicts
  • younger workers are more conflict-prone than older workers
  • personality factors may lead some individuals to be more conflict- prone
54
Q

An organized knowledge structure that enhances the interaction of an individual w/ his or her environment
• allow people to make sense if the world around them- describe, explain, & predict the attitudes & behaviors of team

A

Mental Model

55
Q

Organized structure combing the knowledge, beliefs, & understandings of 2 or more individuals that help coordinate their efforts

A

Shared Mental Methods

56
Q

Work teams that are composed of members from diverse departments of the organization, e/ with its own function; also called project teams

A

Cross-functional teams

57
Q

A work team that is responsible for monitoring & controlling the overall process of product, as well as for doling our specific tasks to team members

A

Self-managed work team (SMWT)

58
Q

What are the 2 types of groups in Organizations? Define them

A
  • Formal groups
  • subunits established by the organization
  • Informal groups
  • develop apart from the official organizational structure; exist relatively independent of the organization
59
Q

What is taskwork?

A
  • task - oriented aspects of the work

Ex: Knowing & doing the task

60
Q

What is teamwork?

A

Actions, events, & behaviors taken to accomplish a team goal
- process oriented aspects of the work
Ex: how members work together

61
Q

What are 6 ways you promote team effectiveness?

A

1) compose the team membership-selection
2) enhance individual team member capabilities
3) modify team tasks, workflow, structure
4) improve team interactions/processes
5) build team competencies (KSAs)
6) provide support, resources, performance aids

62
Q

Task - specific skills

A

How capable members are in performing the task at hand

63
Q

How well members interact with others (ex: effective, respectful, supportive)

A

Interpersonal skills

64
Q

What are 3 ways to improve teams? Give examples.

A

1) team training
• focus on improving coordination
• cross-training is particularly helpful

2) team building
• less structured than team training
• focus on fixing affective problems
• can improve team functioning if used correctly

3) Organizational support
• group reward systems
• technology to support team interaction

IO (12 decks)

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