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PSA - Pass the PSA Book > Chapter 3 - Data Interpretation > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Data Interpretation Flashcards

1
Q

3 causes of microcytic anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

Thalassaemia
Sideroblastic anaemia

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2
Q

4 causes of normocytic anaemia?

A

Anaemia of chronic disease + acute blood loss

Haemolytic anaemia
Renal failure (chronic)

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3
Q

5 causes of macrocytic anaemia?

A

B12/folate deficiency + excess alcohol + liver disease

Hypothyroidism
Haem disease beginning with ‘M’ - myeloproliferative, myelodysplastic, multiple myeloma

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4
Q

3 causes of high neutrophils?

A

Bacterial infection

Tissue damage (inflam/infarct/malig)
Steroids

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5
Q

4 causes of low neutrophils?

A

Viral infection + clozapine + carbimazole

Chemo/radiotherapy

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6
Q

3 causes of high lymphocytes?

A

Viral infection

Lymphoma, CLL

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7
Q

3 causes of reduced production-related low platelets?

A

Drugs (e.g. penicillamine) + infection + haem ‘M’s

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8
Q

5 causes of increased destruction low platelets?

A

HEPARIN
Hypersplenism, DIC, ITP, HUS/TTP

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9
Q

Causes of high platelets?

A

Reactive = bleeding, tissue damage, postsplenectomy
Primary = myeloproliferative disorders

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10
Q

3 causes of hypovolaemic hyponatraemia?

A

Fluid loss (D+V) + diuretics (any)

Addison’s

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11
Q

3 causes of euvolaemic hyponatraemia?

A

SIADH, psychogenic polydipsia, hypothyroidism

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12
Q

5 causes of hypervolaemic hyponatraemia?

A

Heart + renal failure

Liver failure/nutritional failure (both = hypoalbuminaemia), thyroid failure

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13
Q

Causes of SIADH?

A

SIADH
- Small cell lung tumour
- Infection
- Abscess
- Drugs
- Head injury

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14
Q

Drugs that cause SIADH?

A

Carbamazepine + antipsychotics

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15
Q

Causes of hypernatraemia?

A

All D’s
- dehydration
- drips (excess IV saline)
- drugs
- diabetes insipidus

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16
Q

Causes of hypokalaemia + mnemonic?

A

DIRE
- Drugs (loop + thiazide diuretics)
- Inadequate intake/Intestinal loss (D+V)
- Renal tubular acidosis
- Endocrine Excess (Cushing’s, Conn’s)

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17
Q

Causes of hyperkalaemia + mnemonic?

A

DREAD
- Drugs (K-sparing diuretics, ACEi’s/ARBs)
- Renal failure
- Endocrine (Addison’s)
- Artefact (clotted sample)
- DKA

18
Q

Method to distinguish between pre-renal, renal, and post-renal causes of AKI?

A

Pre-renal - urea rise&raquo_space; creatinine rise
Renal - creatinine rise&raquo_space; urea rise with no palpable bladder/kidney
Post-renal - creatinine rise&raquo_space; urea rise with palpable bladder/kidney (hydronephrosis)

19
Q

Causes of pre-renal AKI?

A

Dehydration/shock (hypovolaemia)
Renal artery stenosis (triggered by NSAIDs/ACEi’s/ARBs)

20
Q

Causes of renal AKI?

A

INTRINSIC
- Ischaemia (secondary to pre-renal)
- Nephrotoxic antibiotics
- Tablets (ACEi’s, NSAIDs)
- Radiological contrast
- Negatively birefringent crystals (gout)
- Syndromes (glomerulonephritides)
- Inflammation (vasculitis)
- Cholesterol emboli

21
Q

Nephrotoxic antibiotics?

A

Gentamicin, vancomycin, tetracyclines

22
Q

Causes of post-renal AKI?

A

In lumen = stone, sloughed papilla
In wall = tumour (renal cell, transitional cell), fibrosis
External pressure = BPH, prostate cancer, lymphadenopathy, aneurysm

23
Q

Non-liver causes of raised ALP?

A

ALKPHOS
- any fracture
- liver damage (post-hepatic)
- Kancer (lol)
- Paget’s & Pregnancy
- HyperPTH
- Osteomalacia
- Surgery

24
Q

How to distinguish between pre-hepatic, intrahepatic, and post-hepatic liver damage?

A

Pre-hepatic = only bilirubin rise
Intrahepatic = bilirubin + transaminases rise
Posthepatic = bilirubin + ALP rise (cholestatic/obstructive picture)

25
Q

Causes of prehepatic LFT derangement/jaundice?

A

Haemolysis
Gilbert’s/Crigler-Najjar syndromes

26
Q

Causes of intrahepatic LFT derangement/jaundice?

A

Hepatitis + cirrhosis + fatty liver
Malignancy
Metabolic (Wilson’s, haemochromatosis)
Heart failure causing hepatic congestion

27
Q

Causes of posthepatic LFT derangement/jaundice?

A

In lumen = stone (gallstone), drugs causing cholestasis
In wall = tumour (cholangiocarcinoma), PBC/PSC
Extrinsic pressure = pancreatic/gastric cancer, lymphadenopathy

28
Q

Drugs that cause hepatitis/cirrhosis?

A

Paracetamol overdose
Statins
Rifampicin

29
Q

Drugs that cause cholestasis?

A

Flucloxacillin + Co-amoxiclav
Nitrofurantoin
Steroids
Sulphonylureas

30
Q

Method for changing dose of levothyroxine?

A

Use TSH level
If <0.5 = decrease dose
If 0.5-5 = keep same dose
If >5.5 = increase dose
Always increase/decrease by smallest increment provided unless grossly hypo/hyperthyroid

31
Q

6 drugs with a narrow therapeutic index?

A

Digoxin
Theophylline
Lithium
Phenytoin
Gentamicin + Vancomycin

32
Q

3 treatments for drug toxicity?

A

Omit drug (+/- alternative if required)
Supportive measures e.g. IV fluids
Give antidote (if available)

33
Q

Confusion, nausea, visual halos, arrhythmia - toxicity of which drug?

A

Digoxin

34
Q

Early = coarse tremor, intermediate = tiredness, late = arrhythmias, seizures, coma, renal failure, diabetes insipidus - toxicity of which drug?

A

Lithium (fine tremor in chronic use)

35
Q

Gum hypertrophy, ataxia, nystagmus, peripheral neuropathy, teratogenicity - toxicity of which drug?

A

Phenytoin

36
Q

Gentamicin and vancomycin cause which toxicities?

A

Ototoxicity + nephrotoxicity

37
Q

2 main dosing regimens for gentamicin?

A

Most patients = high-dose regimen = 5-7mg/kg OD IV
Renal failure = divided daily dosing = 1mg/kg 12hrly (renal failure) or 8hrly (endocarditis)

38
Q

When should gentamicin be measured for monitoring?

A

6-14 hours after the last dose (says on the nomogram anyway)

39
Q

Brand name of prothrombin complex concentrate?

A

Beriplex

40
Q

Substance name of vitamin K?

A

Phytomenadione

PSA - Pass the PSA Book (28 decks)

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