Chapter 3 - Biological Molecules Flashcards
The Four Macromolecules
PNaCL
Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, Lipids
Monomer
Small molecule
Polymer
Long-chain molecule made up of a repeated pattern of monomers
Monosaccharides (Carbs)
1 Sugar molecule
Glucose, Galactose, Ribose, Fructose
GGaRF
Polysaccharides (Carbs)
Many sugar molecules bonded together
Chitin, Cellulose, Glycogen, Starch
CCeGS
Carbs
C, H, O
Simple (Glucose); Complex (Starch)
Dehydration Synthesis (Carbon)
Organic molecules joined by removing H2O
Hydrolysis (Carbon)
Organic molecules broken by adding H2O
Lipids
C, H, O (Mainly C and H)
Hydrophobic; store energy, waxy coverings, membranes
3 Major Groups: Fats, Phospholipids, Steroids
Fats (Lipids)
More energy storage than sugars but weigh less
Saturated Fats
Maximum # of single H bonds
Unsaturated Fats
Some double bonds => Oils
Phospholipid (Lipids)
Hydrophobic “tails” and hydrophilic “heads” = cell membranes
Steroids (Lipids)
Hormones
Proteins
C, H, O, N
Amino Acid is building block (only 20 kinds naturally occurring)
Only 20 naturally occurring
Denaturation: chemically or thermally breaking protein bonds
Four Structures of Proteins
Primary: long chain of aa’s
Secondary: folding, bending/pleating
Tertiary: H and Disulfide bonds
Quaternary: Globular (Hemoglobin) vs Strands (Collagen)
Nucleic Acids
C, H, O, N, P
DNA and RNA are 2 types of Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
Building blocks of Nucleic Acids
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate - store and transfer energy) is nucleotide
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Nucleotides: Guanine + Cytosine, Thymine + Adenine
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
Nucleotides: Guanine + Cytosine, Uracil + Adenine
Differences in DNA from RNA
Different sugar (deoxyribose vs ribose) Double vs single-stranded T vs U Stable vs unstable Permanent storage vs Temporary message
Hydrophobic
Won’t mix with water; repels it
Hydrophilic
Mixes with, dissolves in, is wetted by water
