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Bio 110 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formulas but different structures and properties.

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2
Q

Methyl Group

A

Nonpolar hydrocarbon group (R-CH3)

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3
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

Polar because of a strongly electronegative oxygen atom (R-OH)

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4
Q

Carbonyl Group

A

A carbon atom that has a double covalent bond with an oxygen atom

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5
Q

Aldehyde and Ketone

A

Carbonyl group

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6
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

A carbon joined by a double covalent bond to an oxygen, and by a single cova

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7
Q

Amino Group

A

A nitrogen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms (R-NH2)

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8
Q

Phosphate Group

A

Can release one or two hydrogen ions, producing ionized forms with one or two units of negative charge. (R-PO4H2). Makes up nucleic acids and certain lipids

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9
Q

Sulfhydryl Group

A

An atom of sulfur covalently bonded to hydrogen found in thiols. Important in proteins

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10
Q

Macromolecules

A

Consist of thousands of atoms

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11
Q

How many amino acids in proteins?

A

20

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12
Q

Glucose

A

Monosaccharide

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13
Q

Name 3 disaccharides

A

Maltose (malt sugar), Sucrose (table sugar), Lactose (milk sugar)

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14
Q

Maltose

A

2 covalently linked a-glucose

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15
Q

Sucrose

A

1 glucose + 1 fructose

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16
Q

Lactose

A

1 glucose + 1 galactose

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17
Q

Name 3 polysaccharides

A

Starches, glycogen, cellulose

18
Q

Starches

A

Energy storage in plants

19
Q

Glycogen

A

Energy storage in animals

20
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural polysaccharide in plants

21
Q

Starch occurs in 2 forms

A

Amylose, Amylopectin

22
Q

Insoluble polysaccharide composed of many joined glucose molecules

A

Cellulose

23
Q

Lipids

A

Compounds soluble in nonpolar solvents, and relatively insoluble in water

24
Q

Important lipids

A

Fats, Phospholipids, carotenoids, steroids, and waxes

25
Q

Phospholipids

A

Are amphipathic lipds with one hydrophilic end and one hydrophic end

26
Q

Proteins

A

Macromolecules composed of aminoacids

27
Q

Peptide Bond

A

A covalent carbon-to-nitrogen bond linking two amino acids

28
Q

Primary Structure

A

Sequence

29
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Hydrogen bonding involving the backbone

30
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Depends on interactions among side chains

31
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Interactions among polypeptides

32
Q

Glucagon

Primary Structure

A

Small polypeptide made up of 29 amino acids, represented in a linear, beads on a string form

33
Q

In the secondary structure of a polypeptide, two common types

A

A-helix

B-pleated

34
Q

Denaturation of a protein

A

Occurs when a protein is heated, subjected to significant pH change, or treated with certain chemicals

35
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Transmit hereditary information and determine what proteins a cell manufactures

36
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

A

Makes up hereditary material of the cell (genes) and contains instructions for making proteins and RNA

37
Q

Ribonucleic Acid

A

Used in processes that link amino acids to form polypeptides

38
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases for DNA

A

Two purines: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
Two pyrimidines:
Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T)

39
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases for RNA

A

Two purines: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
Two pyrimidines:
Cytosine (C) and Uracil (U)

40
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Primary energy

41
Q

Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP)

A

Supports transfer of energy by transferring a phosphate group

42
Q

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+ or NADH)

A

Primary in oxidation and reduction reactions in cells

Bio 110 (9 decks)

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