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Bio 110 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Uncondensed DNA

A

Chromatin

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2
Q

Condensed DNA

A

Chromosome

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3
Q

DNA

A

Coded genetic information

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4
Q

Controls a cell’s activities and are passed on to descendants

A

Genes

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5
Q

What happens when a cell divides

A

DNA is replicated and copies are transmitted to daughter cells

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6
Q

Each DNA molecule is packaged with proteins to form a ________.

A

Chromosome

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7
Q

A parent cell transmits one copy of every chromosome to each of its two daughter cells

A

Mitosis

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8
Q

In organisms that reproduce sexually, chromosome number is reduced in half to produce eggs and sperm, then the original number is stored in the zygote

A

Meiosis

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9
Q

Where can chromosomes be found

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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11
Q

How many chromosomes do roundworms have?

A

2

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12
Q

Stages through which a cell passes from one cell division to the next

A

Cell Cycle

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13
Q

Most of a cell’s life is spent in ___.

A

Interphase

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14
Q

Growth and normal metabolism; between the end of mitosis and beginning of S phase.

A

G1 Phase

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15
Q

DNA replicates and histone protein are synthesized

A

S Phase

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16
Q

Protein synthesis increases in preparation for division

A

G2 Phase

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17
Q

Involves two main processes: Mitosis and Cytokinesis

A

M Phase

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18
Q

Nuclear division that produces two nuclei containing chromosomes identical to the parental nucleus

A

Mitosis

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19
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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20
Q

Division of the cell cytoplasm to form two cells

A

Cytokinesis

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21
Q

This happens at the end of telophase, whereby the cytoplasm gets divided.

A

Cytokinesis

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22
Q

Duplicated chromosomes become visible

A

Prophase

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23
Q

All the cell’s chromosomes align at the cell’s metaphase plate

A

Metaphase

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24
Q

Describe Anaphase

A

Begins as sister chromatids separate chromosomes that move toward opposite poles
Kinetochore microtubules shorten at their plus ends and pull chromosomes toward the poles
Ends when all chromosomes have reached the poles

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25
Q

During this phase a new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes

A

Telophase

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26
Q

Cytokinessis

A

Division of the cytoplasm to yield two daughter cells

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27
Q

Describe daughter cells of mitosis

A

Each daughter receives exactly the same number and kinds of chromosomes of parent cells
Organelles are apportioned with cytoplasm that each daughter cell receives during cytokinesis
Mitochondria and chloroplast contain own DNA and form by division of previously existing mitochondria or plastids

28
Q

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (Cdks)

A

Protein kinases that activate or inactivate other proteins in by phosphorylating them

29
Q

What are the four major cyclin -Cdk complexes

A

G1, Cdk, G1/S-Cdk, S-Cdk, M-Cdk

30
Q

Asexual production

A

A single parent splits to produce a clone

31
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Union of egg and sperm to form a zygote

32
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Paired chromosomes in somatic cells

33
Q

Diploid and Haploid Cells

A

A set of chromosomes has one of each kind of chromosomes

34
Q

Diploid chromosome number

A

A cell or nucleus contains two sets of chromosomes

35
Q

Haploid number

A

A cell or nucleus has only a single set of chromosomes

36
Q

Gametes are

A

Haploid

37
Q

Polyploidy

A

An individual whose cells have three or more sets of chromosomes

38
Q

In meiosis, DNA in diploid cell duplicates once, and undergoes two divisions yielding

A

4 haploid nuclei with unique gene combinations

39
Q

Meiosis I

A

Partner homologous chromosomes pair, then separate and move into different nuclei

40
Q

Meiosis II

A

Sister chromatids separate from each and are distributed to two different nuclei

41
Q

Mitosis is a single nuclear division which produces

A

Two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the original cell

42
Q

In meiosis, a diploid cell undergoes genetic rearrangement and two successive nuclear divisions, resulting in formation of

A

Four genetically different, haploid daughter cells

43
Q

Only _____ cells produce gametes

A

Haploid

44
Q

Gametes develop when ____ line cells undergo meiosis

A

Germ

45
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Formation of gametes

46
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Forms four haploid sperm cells for each cell that enters meiosis

47
Q

Oogenesis

A

Forms one egg cell for every cell that enters meiosis plus 3 polar bodies

48
Q

Sister Chromatids are held together at the _____

A

Centromere

49
Q

Attached to each centromere is the ____ to which _____ can bind

A

Kinetochore; microtubules

50
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Paired chromosomes in somatic cells

51
Q

Diploid chromosome number

A

A cell or nucleus contains two sets of chromosomes

52
Q

Haploid number

A

A cell or nucleus has only a single set of chromosomes

53
Q

In human the diploid number is _____ and the haploid number is ____..

A

46;23

54
Q

Polyploidy

A

An individual whose cells have three or more sets of chromosomes

55
Q

Meoisis

A

Produces haploid cells with unique gene combinations

56
Q

In Meiosis, DNA in a diploid cell duplicates _____ and undergoes ____ divisions yielding _____ haploid nuclei

A

1;2;4

57
Q

In meoisis Each haploid nucleus contains ___ member of each _____ pair

A

1; homologous

58
Q

Meiosis has two nuclear and cytoplasmic division

A

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

59
Q

Meiosis I

A

Partner homologous chromosomes pair, then separate and move into different nuclei

60
Q

Meiosis II

A

Sister chromatids separate from each other and are distributed to two different nuclei

61
Q

Mitosis is a single nuclear division which produces____

A

Two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the original cell

62
Q

In meiosis, a diploid cell undergoes genetic rearrangement and two successive nuclear divisions, resulting in formation of

A

Four genetically different, haploid daughter cells

63
Q

Mitosis produces

Meiosis produces

A

2n cells ; 4n cells

64
Q

Example of Sex cells

A

Germ cells ; Gamete cell

65
Q

Sperm and a egg together makes a

A

ZygoteO

66
Q

Order of cell cycle

A

G1 , S, G2 , M

Bio 110 (9 decks)

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